Fighting Squadron 18 (VF-18) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy which served aboard in the fall of 1944. It was the second squadron to bear the designation VF-18.
Over the course of two and a half months of strike operations from 6 September to 25 November 1944, Fighting 18 provided air support for the amphibious invasion of Peleliu; fought in the last major air battle in the Pacific; and shared responsibility for locating and launching the first strikes against the Imperial Japanese Navy's primary battleship fleet during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
Upon returning to the United States, Fighting 18 was widely mentioned in the press for its success in combat and subsequently given the nickname 'Two-a-Day 18' for the number of enemy aircraft its pilots destroyed. The squadron's leading ace and the Navy's second-highest scoring fighter pilot, Cecil Harris, also received significant press attention.
Fighting 18 is recognized today as the fourth-highest scoring Grumman F6F Hellcat squadron of World War II.
Background Fighting Squadron 18 was established on 15 October 1942 as "Escort Scouting Squadron" 18 (VGS-18). On 1 March 1943 it was redesignated "Composite Squadron" 18 (VC-18) and on 15 August 1943 it was redesignated Fighting Squadron 36 and intended for land-based duty. On 5 March 1944 it was redesignated Fighting Squadron 18 and slotted into Air Group 18 during training in Hawaii since Dive Bombing and Torpedo Bombing Squadron 18 were without an accompanying fighting squadron. The completed air group boarded USS Intrepid on 16 August 1944. After the end of the war on 15 November 1946 the squadron was redesignated VF-7A, then on 28 July 1948 it was redesignated VF-71 (it was the second squadron to bear that designation) and it was ultimately disestablished on 31 March 1959.
Operational history
September Intrepid operated as part of Task Group 38.2, one of four carrier groups under the overall command of Admiral William Halsey Jr. Strike operations commenced 6 September 1944 against Babelthuap, the largest island in the Palau archipelago. By the morning of 8 September there were no remaining targets of value, so Intrepid moved due west to Mindanao to launch strikes on the island's largest city, Davao City. Throughout this period, combat was characterized by fighter-bomber missions and bomber escort. Only a few enemy planes rose in opposition to the initial strikes on the Palaus and Mindanao, including one Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah" reconnaissance aircraft shot down on 10 September by Harvey P. Picken and William H. Murray. VF-18 aircraft were damaged during these line periods but neither planes nor pilots were lost.
The intensity of strike operations—both in terms of pace and ferocity—increased markedly as Intrepid sent planes northward to the Visayas. An enemy convoy was attacked on 12 September and the first real air combat was joined the next day over Negros Island. Eight Japanese fighters were claimed shot down by the squadron. Four of these were credited to Cecil Harris, making him the squadron's first ace. Fighting 18 also suffered its first pilot killed in action (KIA) on 13 September when Lt. James B. Neighbours had the tail of his Hellcat blown off by anti-aircraft fire.
On 17 September, Intrepid returned to the Palaus to launch strikes on Angaur and Peleliu in support of Marine landings. Fighting 18 experimented with the use of napalm bombs made out of empty belly fuel tanks, but these proved ineffective. Aircraft Action Reports from the Palaus and Visayas and reminiscences in the squadron's War History show that the Japanese were being rapidly overwhelmed in these areas: "COMTHIRD Fleet characterized the enemy's non-aggressive attitude as "unbelievable and fantastic." ...thus far there has been no evidence of Jap retaliation for our attacks on them." These observations, along with reports from Thomas Cato Tillar Sr., an aviator aboard USS Hornet (CV-12), led Allied powers to advance their timetable for the invasion of Leyte from the end of the year to 20 October 1944.
The ensuing change of pace caught the Japanese off-guard. On the morning of 21 September, TG 38.2 launched the first carrier strike against central Luzon since the fall of the Philippines. No enemy aircraft were encountered early on due to the element of surprise, but Japanese fighter aircraft were scrambled to heavily contest the rest of the day's strikes. Twenty-five Japanese planes were claimed shot down by VF-18 over the course of the day. One pilot assigned to photo-reconnaissance, Lt.(jg) Charles Mallory, was credited with shooting down five Japanese planes, making him an ace-in-a-day. When he returned to Intrepid, his plane captain counted 67 bullet holes in his Hellcat. Overall, operations on 21 and 22 September were considered "extremely effective" by Vice Admiral George D. Murray, commander of the Navy's Pacific air forces.
October On 1 October 1944 Admiral Gerald Bogan and his staff came aboard Intrepid, designating it the flagship of Task Group 38.2. After proceeding to refuel and re-provision at Ulithi, TG 38.2 returned to combat operations on 10 October using a typhoon to cover the ships' approach to the Ryukyu Islands. The ensuing strikes were the first launched against the Ryukyus during the war. As with the strikes against Luzon the previous month, these caught the Japanese by surprise. VF-18 activity included a fighter sweep over Okinawa Island, participation in full air group strikes, and photo reconnaissance. Shipping and airfields in the vicinity were seriously damaged or destroyed with virtual impunity. The Imperial Japanese Navy responded to this sudden attack by implementing their plan for a decisive battle with Allied naval forces, starting with the activation of their remaining air forces.
Formosa
On 12 October, TG 38.2 launched fighter sweeps over northern Formosa to destroy Japanese air power in advance of the amphibious invasion of the Philippines. The Japanese were on alert after carrier strikes on the Ryukyus and responded by committing hundreds of aircraft to protect the island's air bases and to destroy Halsey's carriers. Fighting 18's youngest pilot, Arthur Mollenhauer, shot down five Japanese planes in rapid succession during his first encounter with the enemy. The newly christened ace was interviewed aboard Intrepid by Baltimore Sun war correspondent Philip Heisler and Honolulu Star-Advertiser reporter Ray Coll, and had his likeness and story printed in newspapers nationwide. Cecil Harris destroyed four Japanese planes and helped fellow pilot Egidio DiBatista escape an attack by enemy fighters. DiBatista was forced to bail out of his damaged aircraft close to the fleet. Though he broke his leg during the fall, he ultimately survived the mission. Harris and Mollenhauer had their picture taken the following day by an Associated Press photographer. Their combined nine victories earned them features in newspapers around the country.
Despite this success, the squadron also suffered significant losses over Formosa. Fighting 18 was assigned to fly low cover during the morning's sweep, which meant it was the first squadron to bomb targets on the ground. As a result, pilots were exposed to the full force of ground-based anti-aircraft fire and left at an altitude disadvantage against Japanese fighters attacking from above. Fighting was so fierce that returning pilots recalled seeing parachutes opening throughout the engagement as more and more planes were destroyed. In addition to DiBatista, three other VF-18 pilots were shot down: Ralph DuPont, Isaac Keels and William Ziemer. DuPont and Keels were ultimately ruled KIA; Ziemer died in a Japanese prison camp less than two weeks before the announcement of Japan's surrender. A fourth pilot, Harry Webster, ran out of fuel near the task group and was forced to make a water landing. He was unable to escape his sinking plane and drowned.
The air battle continued over the course of the next four days. In addition to strike missions against Formosa itself, pilots assigned to combat air patrol (CAP) turned back wave after wave of attack by Japanese bombers. On 14 October in particular, VF-18 pilots rebuffed an attack by approximately 30 enemy aircraft. Squadron members were credited with a total of 23 Japanese planes shot down. Three of these were claimed by Cecil Harris, making him one of the country's leading aces with 13 enemy planes to his name.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Fighting 18 next attacked airfields in northern Luzon on 18 October. Theses strikes were designed to suppress what was left of Japanese air power while Allied troops secured the small islands at the mouth of Leyte Gulf. That same day, Admiral Takeo Kurita sortied with his battleship force to oppose the nascent Allied invasion of the Philippines. He was spotted the night of 23 October by submarines and , beginning the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
The next morning at 0600, Admiral Bogan sent out sector searches to locate Kurita's battleship force. A team from Intrepid which included VB-18 pilot Russell "Max" Adams and rear seater Cornelius Clark, as well as Fighting 18 pilots Donald Watts and Charles Amerman, was the first to successfully spot, identify and broadcast information about Kurita's forces. Watts sent the message that ultimately reached Halsey: "13DD, 4BB, 8CA off the south tip of Mindoro, course 050, speed 10 to 12 knots. No train or transports." With this information in Hand, Halsey gave Bogan the order, "Strike repeat Strike. Good luck."
Bogan's TG 38.2 was at that moment the weakest of the four carrier groups, with only one fleet carrier (Intrepid) and one light carrier () available to contribute aircraft. It was however the only carrier group close enough to immediately launch aircraft. As a result, the first two strikes against Admiral Kurita's forces were composed entirely of planes from Intrepid and Cabot. Fighting 18 pilots escorted bombers through intense anti-aircraft fire and strafed enemy ships to draw gunfire. Later in the day, after dealing considerable damage to Admiral Kurita's forces, Halsey received word of a Japanese carrier force to the north. The decision was made to bring the full strength of his forces north to engage the IJN's flattops. Intrepid was designated the battle-line carrier for the ensuing operations.
On the morning of 25 October, Fighting 18 pilots once again escorted bombers on sector searches to locate Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's carrier force. Searches for the main force were negative, though VF-18 pilot Frederick Wolff located and bombed a separate group of destroyers. Full strikes from Intrepid and other carriers arrived around 0830 over Ozawa's forces. VF-18 pilots recorded 1 near miss (Donald Watts) and 2 probable hits (Charles Amerman, Richard Cevoli) on a light carrier as well as 1 hit (Frederick Tracy) on the IJN's last remaining carrier veteran of Pearl Harbor, Zuikaku. Though a second strike was ready, the urgent messages reaching Admiral Halsey from Task Force 77 caused him to break off his battleships with Intrepid again as the battle-line carrier. This force sped south to try to catch Admiral Kurita as he once more retreated through San Bernardino Strait.
Halsey's battleships arrived after midnight, too late to engage Kurita's fleeing forces. Intrepid was able to launch one strike that reached Kurita before his ships moved out of range. Fighting 18 pilots strafed and bombed enemy vessels but inflicted only slight damage. Replacement pilot Harold Meacham was lost sometime during this strike. At the end of the battle, VF-18 and its air group had participated in five strikes, including the first and last launched over the course of the multi-day engagement.
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