I-3 was an Imperial Japanese Navy J1 type submarine commissioned in 1926. She was a large cruiser submarine. She served in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. During the latter conflict she operated in support of the attack on Pearl Harbor, conducted anti-shipping patrols in the Indian Ocean, supported the Indian Ocean raid, and took part in the Aleutian Islands campaign and the Guadalcanal campaign before she was sunk in December 1942.
Construction and commissioning Built by Kawasaki at Kobe, Japan, I-3 was laid down on 1 November 1923 with the name SS-76. While she was on the building ways, she was renamed I-3 on 1 November 1924. She was launched on 8 June 1925 and was completed and commissioned on 30 November 1926.
Service history 1926–1937 Upon commissioning, I-3 was attached to the Yokosuka Naval District. She was assigned to Submarine Division 7 in Submarine Squadron 2 in the 2nd Fleet, a component of the Combined Fleet, joining her sister ships and in that division, but sources differ on whether this assignment began on her commissioning day or on 15 January 1927. On 1 July 1927, the division was reassigned to the Yokosuka Defense Division in the Yokosuka Naval District, and on 15 September 1927 it began another assignment to Submarine Squadron 2 in the 2nd Fleet. While in the Seto Inland Sea entering Moroshima Bay on the surface at on 12 July 1928, I-3 suffered a rudder failure and ran aground off Ōmishima Island at 10:11, damaging her bow fuel tank. She was refloated at 16:22 and proceeded to Kure to undergo repairs at the Kure Naval Arsenal.
On 1 May 1929, I-3 was reassigned directly to the Yokosuka Naval District, and on 1 August 1930, when Submarine Division 8 was created, she and her sister ship were placed in the new division. On 1 December 1930, Submarine Division 8 began duty with Submarine Squadron 1 in the 1st Fleet, a component of the Combined Fleet. The division was reassigned to the Yokosuka Defense Division in the Yokosuka Naval District on 1 October 1931, but it began another tour of duty in Submarine Squadron 1 in the 1st Fleet on 1 December 1931. It completed this assignment on 1 October 1932 and again was assigned to the Yokosuka Defense Division in the Yokosuka Naval District. On 15 November 1933, I-3 was transferred from Submarine Division 8 back to Submarine Division7, which began service in Submarine Squadron 1 in the 1st Fleet that day.
The German naval attaché to Japan, Paul Wenneker, was scheduled to inspect I-2 and I-3 on 10 January 1935 while the two submarines were tied up at Yokosuka, Japan. Wenneker toured I-2 between 14:50 and 15:40, but his inspection of I-3 was cancelled due to bad weather. I-3 got underway from Sasebo, Japan, in company with the other vessels of Submarine Squadron 1 — I-1 and I-2 of Submarine Division 7 and I-4, , and of Submarine Division 8 — for a training cruise in Chinese waters on 29 March 1935. The six submarines concluded the cruise with their return to Sasebo on 4 April 1935.
On 15 November 1935, Submarine Division 8 was reassigned to the Yokosuka Defense Squadron in the Yokosuka Naval District, and I-3 was decommissioned and placed in reserve that day to undergo reconstruction, during which her American-made K-tube sonar was replaced by a sonar system manufactured in Japan and her conning tower was streamlined. While she was out of commission, Submarine Division 7 returned to service in Submarine Squadron 1 in the 1st Fleet on 20 January 1936, and after her reconstruction was complete, I-3 was recommissioned on 1 December 1936 and returned to duty with the division.
On 27 March 1937, I-3 departed Sasebo in company with I-1, I-2, I-4, I-5, and I-6 for training in the vicinity of Qingdao, China. The six submarines concluded the training cruise with their arrival at Ariake Bay on 6 April 1937. During scheduled upkeep in Sukumo Bay on the coast of Shikoku, Japan, on 18 May 1937, I-3 suffered an explosion in a lubricating oil sump tank that killed one man and injured 17 others. She proceeded to the Kure Naval Arsenal in Kure, Japan, for repairs.
Second Sino-Japanese War On 7 July 1937 the first day of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident took place, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War. In September 1937 Submarine Squadron 1 was reassigned to the 3rd Fleet,Boyd and Yoshida, p. 54. which in turn was subordinated to the China Area Fleet for service in Chinese waters. The squadron, consisting of I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, and I-6, deployed to a base at Hong Kong with the submarine tenders and in September 1937. From Hong Kong, the submarines began operations in support of a Japanese blockade of China and patrols of China′s central and southern coast. From 21 to 23 August 1937, all six submarines of Submarine Squadron 1 operated in the East China Sea as distant cover for an operation in which the battleships , , , and and the light cruiser ferried troops from Tadotsu, Japan, to Shanghai, China.
Submarine Squadron 1 was based at Hong Kong until the autumn of 1938. In an effort to reduce international tensions over the conflict in China, Japan withdrew its submarines from Chinese waters in December 1938.
1938–1941
Submarine Division 7 was reassigned to the Submarine School at Kure on 15 December 1938. It was reduced to the Third Reserve in the Yokosuka Naval District on 15 November 1939, although sources indicate that I-3 herself was not placed in reserve until 20 November 1939. I-3 apparently was recommissioned on 27 July 1940, although Submarine Division did not return to active service until it was assigned to Submarine Squadron 2 in the 6th Fleet, a component of the Combined Fleet, on 15 November 1940.
On 10 November 1941, the commander of the 6th Fleet, Vice Admiral Mitsumi Shimizu, gathered the commanding officers of the fleet′s submarines together for a meeting aboard his flagship, the light cruiser , which was anchored in Saeki Bay. His chief of sraff briefed them on the upcoming attack on Pearl Harbor, which would bring Japan and the United States into World War II. As the Imperial Japanese Navy began to deploy for the upcoming conflict in the Pacific, I-3 got underway from Yokosuka at 12:00 on 16 November 1941, bound for the Hawaiian Islands. By 1 December 1941, she was within of Oahu. She received the message "Climb Mount Niitaka 1208" () from the Combined Fleet on 2 December 1941, indicating that war with the Allies would commence on 8 December 1941 Japan time, which was on 7 December 1941 on the other side of the International Date Line in Hawaii.
World War II First war patrol On 7 December 1941, I-1, I-2, and I-3 arrived in their patrol areas in the Kauai Channel between Oahu and Kauai, with I-3 the easternmost of the three. They had orders to conduct reconnaissance in the area and attack any ships which sortied from Pearl Harbor during or after the attack, which occurred that morning. On 27 December 1941, I-3 received an order from the commander of Submarine Squadron 2 aboard the submarine to bombard the harbor at Nawiliwili, Kauai, on 30 December. She arrived off Nawiliwili during daylight hours on 30 December 1941 and conducted a periscope reconnaissance of the Wailua River estuary. After dark, she surfaced and fired twenty high-explosive rounds from her deck guns, targeting the harbor′s breakwater and a building she identified as a warehouse. Most of the rounds fell short, although one shell damaged a house with shrapnel and another punched a hole in a large gasoline storage tank, which did not explode. The bombardment inflicted damage totaling an estimated $500.
On 31 December 1941, I-3 sighted what she identified as an aircraft carrier, two cruisers, and several destroyers heading due west west-southwest of Oahu, but was unable to obtain a firing position on them. On 9 January 1942, she was ordered to divert from her patrol and search for the United States Navy aircraft carrier , which the submarine had sighted, but she did not find Lexington. She arrived at Kwajalein in company with I-1 and I-2 on 22 January 1942. The three submarines departed Kwajalein on 24 January 1942 bound for Yokosuka, which they reached on 1 February 1942. They underwent a complete overhaul and refit there.
Second war patrol While I-3 was at Yokosuka, Submarine Squadron 2 — consisting of I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-6, and I-7, the latter serving as squadron flagship — was assigned to the Dutch East Indies Invasion Force. Accordingly, I-3 departed Yokosuka on 12 February 1942 with the commander of Submarine Division 7 embarked, bound for Palau, where she arrived on 16 February 1942 and refueled from the oiler , then got back underway on 17 February in company with I-2 bound for the Netherlands East Indies. The two submarines arrived at Staring Bay on the Southeast Peninsula of Celebes just southeast of Kendari on 22 February 1942, then put back to sea that same afternoon, heading for the Indian Ocean off the southwest coast of Australia, where I-3 was to conduct her second war patrol in the Cape Leeuwin–Shark Bay area. While en route, I-3 sighted an Allied submarine on the surface in the Banda Sea on 23 February 1942, but could not get into a firing position.
On 2 March 1942, I-3 attacked the New Zealand 8,988- or 9,540-gross register ton (sources disagree) armed steamer on the surface in the Indian Ocean west-northwest of Fremantle, Australia, at . Although Narbada suffered minor damage from shell fragments, I-3 failed to score any hits on her, and when Narbada fired back, I-3 broke off her attack and submerged at . On 3 March 1942, I-3 encountered the New Zealand 8,719-ton armed steamer in the Indian Ocean west-northwest of Rottnest Island and pursued her on the surface, but when Tongariro — which was nearing the end of a voyage from Wellington, New Zealand, to Fremantle — opened fire, I-3 discontinued the chase and submerged. On 6 March 1942, while heading west-southwest on the surface, I-3 sighted the United States Navy submarine , also on the surface and on an intersecting course. Mistaking I-3 for the submarine , S-40 attempted to contact I-3, but I-3 opened fire on her with both deck guns at . S-40 submerged and attempted to gain a firing position on I-3 for a torpedo attack, but I-3 was too far away. I-3 concluded her patrol with her arrival at Penang in Japanese-occupied British Malaya on 14 March 1942.
Third war patrol Orders arrived from the headquarters of the Combined Fleet on 15 March 1942 for all the submarines of Submarine Squadron 2 except for I-1 to conduct reconnaissance operations along the coast of Ceylon and western coast of India in preparation for Operation C, the upcoming Indian Ocean raid by the aircraft carriers of the Combined Fleet′s Mobile Force. Accordingly, I-3 departed Penang at 28 March 1942 bound for the waters off Colombo, Ceylon. She sighted a land plane at 13:00 local time on 31 March 1942 at a distance of from Colombo and bearing 135 degrees from that port, but saw no other aircraft during her approach. She arrived in the Colombo area on 2 April 1942 and began to transmit weather reports for the benefit of the Japanese aircraft carrier force, and at 04:25 local time sighted a lone merchant ship steaming westward from, and bearing 220 degrees from, Colombo, but found no ships leaving or entering the harbor itself. At 22:00 she reported that she had been unable to penetrate the harbor itself due to heavy patrolling by Allied vessels.