Kwan Sung-sing (29 August 1892 – 27 November 1960) was a Chinese construction engineer, architect, entrepreneur, founder of the architectural firm Kwan, Chu and Yang Architects () and a member of Hongmen. He was also an activist who promoted track and field sports in the Republic of China during the 1950s, and was thus hailed as "the father of track and field in Taiwan." He was born in Weihai, Shandong, Qing China.

Life

In Mainland China Kwan Sung-sing was born in Weihaiwei on August 29, 1892. When he attended the Lingnan school (嶺南學校), he was heavily influenced by the school chancellor Chung Jung-hua (), who was a member of the revolutionary Tongmenghui. He cut off his queue—a sign of rebellion against the Qing dynasty. As a result, in 1907, Kwan's father, Dr. King-Yin Kwan (), had to entrust his friend Wu Tingfang to take Kwan to study in the United States.

Kwan began his studies in the US at Dummer Academy. However, in 1908, he transferred to Phillips Academy Andover. During this time, Kwan was a member of the school's soccer team, serving as the captain. He was also a sprinter on the track team. Though a member of Andover Class of 1912, Kwan left the school in 1911 as a "non-returning middler", which was common at the time.

Later in 1911, Kwan attended St. John's University and was admitted to the Tsinghua School (now Tsinghua University). During his time at Tsinghua, he placed first both in the 1913 Far Eastern Games track and field 880 yard run and the Discus event. He also placed second in the one-mile relay. Kwan entered MIT in 1914 and received a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1917. In 1919, Kwan studied city management for another year at Harvard University.

In 1919, Kwan returned to his home country to forge a career. In 1920, he established an architecture firm named "Kwan, Chu & Yang Architects" in Tianjin. He was also an engineering counselor to Tianjin's police department and the chief architect at Beining Road (北甯路), Tianjin. He assisted in supervising the construction of the Peking Union Medical College. Kwan was also a member of the engineering branch of Nanjing’s capital construction committee. In 1928, he was involved in the process of categorizing the engineering schools of China, and he later became a fellow of the Chinese Engineering Society (中國營造學社).

In the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kwan found himself stuck in Northern China. The Japanese asked that he lead the Public Constructions Department of the puppet Manchukuo government, but he declined and instead escaped to the city of Chongqing, which was still controlled by the Republic of China. During the war, he voluntarily assisted in the construction of the Jiangyin Defences (江陰防禦工程), located at a strategic position on the Yangtze. He was caught in multiple bombing raids by the Japanese air force, and his life was endangered on multiple occasions.

In 1937, the Genealogy of The Kwan Family of Fanyu, Guangdong (廣東番禺關氏家譜) was published. Kwan helped to edit the book.

In the 1940s, Kwan came to fame as a structural engineer in China. He was known alongside other engineers including Chen Chih () and Chao Shen (). Before the ROC government moved to Taiwan in 1949, Kwan, Chu and Yang Architects had branches located in Shanghai, Nanjing, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shenyang and Hong Kong. The architecture firm had completed hundreds of projects, including Nanking Central Stadium (now the campus of Nanjing Sport Institute) in 1933, Nanking Central Hospital (now Nanjing General Hospital of People's Liberation Army) in 1934, the library of the University of Nanking in 1937, and the Central Bank in Caojiadu (漕家渡), Chongqing in 1940.

In Taiwan

Track and field proponent

In 1949, Kwan Sung-sing and his family moved to Taiwan with the intent of supporting track and field sports in the nation. From 1952 to 1957, he served as a Taiwan Provincial Games track and field starter. While he was serving as the starter, he brought his own cap gun and wore formal attire, which made him something of an attraction in the early Provincial Games and gained him the name "Guanlaoye" (, Sir Kwan) and the nickname "Guanfaling" (, Kwan the starter).

Kwan accompanied the ROC World Games delegation to Rome to participate in the 1960 Summer Olympics. After the event, he travelled to various European countries for leisure purposes, but when he returned to Hong Kong, he read a news article from Taipei forwarded by a foreign news agency, claiming that he and Yi kuo-jui () had travelled to Paris purely for fun. He found this to be quite a pity and responded to the reporter saying: "I would not do such a thing."

In regards to coaches and athletic leaders, Kwan believed that they should have a decent character, good attitude, and substantial knowledge so that the athletes would look up to them. He recalled that in the sports community of China, there were athletic trainers and coaches who did not demonstrate enough leadership and were just holding onto the athletes for their own fame. This tradition, Kwan observed, would result in bad habits for the athletes. Kwan said, "One does not promote good athletes for themselves. It is like gardening, that the true fun happens when everybody appreciates the blossoming flower." In this way, Kwan decided to support the track and field movement in Taiwan and patronize the athletes. He was named "the father of Taiwan’s track and field sports," for he coached two Olympic medalists: Yang Chuan-kwang and Chi Cheng.

Coaching Yang Chuan-kwang

For Yang Chuan-kwang, Kwan hired Bob Mathias—decathlon winner of the 1936 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics—and other track experts to Taiwan to demonstrate techniques for him. Kwan also funded Yang's education abroad. Once, Kwan mentioned to that coaching Yang was the "best-designed engineering project" in his life. Kwan also oversaw Yang's training in the United States with great care. Kwan paid for all of Yang's expenses in the United States, including his music albums and dentist fees. Kwan's children once said, "When we want something, we dare not tell our father; but when Yang wants something, he does not need to tell our father about it– our father would have bought it for him already." To find more "potential Yang Chuan-kwangs" in Taiwan, Kwan decided to travel back and forth for the Provincial Games.

At the 1956 Summer Olympics, Kwan and his wife witnessed Yang's loss. They then traveled to a friend's, surnamed Chen, house and drank some whiskey with the ROC delegate Li Pu-sheng () to ease the pain caused by the loss. However, Kwan remained undiscouraged by the loss and instead encouraged Yang to continue his efforts. When Yang was at UCLA, Kwan sent Yang 80 US dollars a month as a stipend. Yang told a reporter, "This is not a long-term solution, for I am worried that Mr. Kwan would be too burdened. But I don't have a current solution to my financial problem."

After Yang won a medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Kwan was interviewed by in his office on Fushun street (撫順街), Taipei. He mentioned that Yang only wrote three letters to him when Yang was living in the United States: the first one was written shortly after Yang arrived, in which Yang hoped that Kwan would take care of his family members in Taitung; in the second one, Yang pleaded Kwan not to call him back to Taiwan so he could continue his studies in UCLA; in the third one, Yang expressed his intention to stay in the United States for further studies after attending the Olympics at Rome. Meanwhile, Kwan's sister's father-in-law and Kwan's eldest son's family were both in the United States, and Yang visited both of them often. These family members of Kwan introduced Yang to other fellow Chinese Americans. Yang's coach in the U.S., Wei Cheng-wu (), took Yang out for entertainment reasons on the weekends as well, and Wei sent Kwan weekly letters. f

Coaching Chi Cheng

Kwan told reporters that he desired to continue helping young people discover their athletic talents. He paid specific attention to the female track and field athletes Chi Cheng and Zhang Xingzi (). He particularly focused on Chi Cheng, believing that she had the ability to become "a female Yang Chuan-kwang."

One night in 1958, after returning from the provincial games, Kwan and his wife Chang Ching-hsia () took a walk in the garden. Suddenly, he bent down, looked at a flower and said to his wife, "I found a girl with a talent in track and field, and I wanted to cultivate her!" Kwan saw that Chi Cheng had a particularly good run at the Provincial Games, so he wanted her to come to Taipei to study at Li Xing Middle School (勵行中學). He also supported Chi Cheng financially for 500 NTD every month for her nutrition. He boasted to the reporters of United Daily News that Chi had great elasticity and physical form and therefore she had great potential.

Before the 1960 Summer Olympics, Chi participated in the 100-meter selection trial in Taiwan. Her times in the 100-meter dash were still a little behind the standard. Kwan, who served as the starter, asked Chi to run before he fired the gun, thus helping her qualify for a spot in the ROC Olympic delegation.

Chi last saw Kwan at the Rome Olympics. Later, she once passed by N Zhongshan Rd (中山北路) in Taipei and thought about looking for Kwan at his firm, but she was too busy with her own affairs. Later, Chi left for the United States and never saw her coach Kwan again.

Career

Kwan was the chairman of the Taiwan Guild of Architects, and had repeatedly rejected Zhou Enlai’s request to return to mainland China. Kwan, Chu and Yang Architects, an architectural firm owned by Sung Sing Kwan, also moved to Taiwan and designed buildings including the Man Yee Building and the Shaw Building (邵氏大厦) in Hong Kong. Other works include the Taiwan Man-made Fiber Cooperation, Taipei Comprehensive Stadium, The Provincial Stadium of Taiwan in Taichung (now the Gymnasium of the National Taiwan University of Sport). On March 28, 1955, the Taiwan Nursing Home (now the Taiwan Adventist Hospital), founded by the Seventh-day Adventist Church, located on Zhongzheng Road (中正路) in Taipei City, had an opening ceremony. The ceremony was held by Soong Mei-ling, where she accepted a golden key from the Kwan, the construction engineer of the building. In 1957, Kwan led a delegation of the Architectural Engineers Association of Taiwan Province to visit Japan, Hong Kong, and other places. In 1960, he served as Chairman of Taiwan Handicraft Center.

On August 18, 1959, the Track and Field Association of the Republic of China was established. Kwan served as its first chairman.

Charity

Kwan was also known for his generosity in organizations including the Freemasons, the Rotary Club, and the Hongmen. Once, when he discussed his financial situation with a reporter, he said that he spent almost all his savings after coming to Taiwan. Later he noted that his architectural firm in Taiwan was starting to lose money. Its expenses were around 100,000 NTD per year, but its income was only around 50 to 60 thousand. Therefore, he had to rely on his firm branches in Hong Kong. However, he continued to support athletes despite his financial situation. At the opening of the Taiwan Handicraft Promotion Center, he told reporters that he visited Chang Ying-wu (, whom he never had known) at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital for charity reasons a few days ago. Recalling Kwan's deeds on the day he died, Yin Chung-jung told reporters that Kwan never turned down people's requests and was very keen to donate money for the poor and the sick. Yin also praised that Kwan often donated large sums of money despite his own financial situation, and was a great, devoted friend.

Death