The Battle of Wopławki or Woplauken was fought on 7 April 1311 in the area near the village of Woplauken (Lithuanian - Voplaukis, now the Polish village of Wopławki), north-east of Kętrzyn (former Rastenburg).Ruslan B. Gagua (2015). The Battle of Woplawki: the Fall of Anticrusaders Campaigns of Grand Duke of Lituania Vitene s. Crusader June 1(1):23-38 Belarusian historian Ruslan Gagua states in Annalistic Records on the Battle of Wopławki The battle definitely had become a major and significant one by medieval standards during the military confrontation of the Teutonic Order and the then Lithuania, according to The Nature of the Conduct of Warfare in Prussian and Lithuanian Borderlands at the Turn of the 13th and 14th Centuries by Ruslan Gagua.

Historical background Such major battles during the Lithuanian Crusade were rare. As reported by Russian historian Aleksiy Khoteev in On the Hundred Years' War of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, military operations were generally confined to raids aimed at causing economic damage to the enemy as much as possible through the devastation of lands, seizure of property and taking local residents captive, as repeatedly attested and thoroughly reported in the Order's chronicles such as Chronicon terrae Prussiae (Latin for The Chronicle of the Prussian Land) by Peter of Dusburg, the eponymous The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin and Chronica nova Prutenica (Latin for New Prussian Chronicle) by Wigand of Marburg.

Campaign and battle On 3 April 1311, at the head of a force of 4,000 men (according to The Chronicle of the Prussian Land by Peter of Dusburg and The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin) Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytenis invaded Warmia, which was inhabited by baptized Warmians and German immigrants. His army totally looted and destroyed the lands of Warmia, killing most of local Christians and captured 1,200 people (according to Peter of Dusburg) or 1,300 (according to Nikolaus von JeroschinThe Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310).

Vytenis decided to return through the lands of Bartia.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 On 6 April, having reached the area near Woklauken, the Lithuanian army set up a camp on the hill, encircling it with abatis.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310

In the meantime, the Teutonic Order gathered an army under the command of Grosskomtur Heinrich von PlötzkeThe Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 and sent it to chase Vytenis.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 The army consisted of Teutonic Knights numbering 80 according to Nikolaus von JeroschinThe Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 or 150 according to Peter of Dusburg.Chronicon terrae Prussiae by Peter of Dusburg, Book 3, 310 Reporting on the number of the Teutonic Knights themselves, however, neither Peter of Dusburg nor Nikolaus von Jeroschin provides any data on the number of Sariantbrothers, i.e. not knighted members of the Order, who used to make up the bulk of the Order’s army at the time (including lances fournies). Peter of Dusburg just confines his report to "many men,"Chronicon terrae Prussiae by Peter of Dusburg, Book 3, 310 as well as Nikolaus von Jeroschin mentions "many other valiant heroes" and "many skilled and tested bold warriors."The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310

Another chronicler of the Order, Wigand of Marburg, provides in Chronica nova Prutenica the titles of the units led by Heinrich von Plötzke: the Banner of the Commandery of Ragnit, the Banner of the Commander of Insterburg, the Banner of Saint George, the Banner of Saint Mary and the Banner of Preußisch Holland. Besides, according to Konrad Gesselen (who translated into Low German the aforementioned Chronica nova Prutenica), a part of the army was composed of Prussian militiamen. However, none of these authors provides the number of the not knighted crusaders or the Prussian militiamen.

The vanguard led by Komtur of Christburg Günther von ArnsteinThe Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 was dispatched ahead. On 7 April, having reached Vytenis’ camp, the vanguard immediately attacked the LithuaniansThe Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310

The first storming was successfully repulsed by the Lithuanians. Taking advantage of the camp’s location, showering the crusaders with arrows and javelins, the Lithuanians forced them to retreat.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 At that time the main part of the army led by von Plötzke had arrived and formed up for battle. Joined by the vanguard, the main body launched a new assault on the camp.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 This time, the Lithuanian warriors were unable to withstand the onslaught.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 Being overcome with panic, the Lithuanian fighters began to retreat in disorder,The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 and then the battle turned into a mass slaughter.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310

All the captured Christians were released, according to Nikolaus von Jeroschin.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310

Casualties Lithuanian casualties According to Nikolaus von Jeroschin, the crusaders captured 2,800 horses whose owners were killed in the camp, which in turn suggests that more than half of the Lithuanian riders were killed in pursuit.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310

Another source—Canonici Sambiensis epitome gestorum Prussie—states that 3,000 Lithuanians were killed in this battle.Canonici Sambiensis epitome gestorum Prussie, 6, 1311

As to Vytenis, he managed to survive together with the remnants of his army and reached his domain.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310

Crusaders casualties According to Nikolaus von Jeroschin, "In the first assault the Christians lost 40 men,"The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 23,470–897; III, 310 whereas Peter of Dusburg claims that 60 crusaders died in the first assault.Chronicon terrae Prussiae by Peter of Dusburg, Book 3, 310 Besides, there are no data of the crusaders’ total death toll.

Aftermath The victory at Wopławki allowed the Teutonic Knights to gain a foothold on the border with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by building the castle of Christmemel, as attested in the abovementioned chronicles both by Peter of DusburgChronicon terrae Prussiae by Peter of Dusburg, Book 3, 315 and Nikolaus von JeroschinThe Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 24,110–55; III, 315 In 1315, Vytenis tried to capture Christmemel but did not succeed.The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Lines 24,544–619; III, 324

See also Lithuanian Crusade Northern Crusades

References

Sources Primary sources The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin A History of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia 1190-1331: The Kronike Von Pruzinlant by Nikolaus von Jeroschin Chronicon terrae Prussiae by Peter of Dusburg

Canonici Sambiensis epitome gestorum Prussie Canonici Sambiensis epitome gestorum Prussie

Secondary sources