Jacqueline Cecilia Sturm (born Te Kare Papuni, also known as Jacquie Baxter; 17 May 1927 – 30 December 2009) was a New Zealand poet, short story writer and librarian. She was one of the first Māori women to complete an undergraduate university degree, at Victoria University College, followed by a Masters of Arts degree in philosophy. She was also the first Māori writer to have her work published in an English anthology. Her short stories were published in several collections and student magazines in the 1950s and early 1960s, and in 1983 a women's publishing collective printed a collection of her short stories as The House of the Talking Cat. She continued to write short stories and poetry well into the early 2000s, and is regarded today as a pioneer of New Zealand literature.
Early life Sturm was born on 17 May 1927 in Ōpunake, Taranaki, New Zealand. Her birth name was Te Kare Papuni. Her father, John Raymond Papuni, was part of the Whakatōhea iwi from Ōpōtiki in the Bay of Plenty region, and her mother, Mary Kingsley Harrison, was the daughter of Moewaka Tautokai, an adopted daughter of Taranaki chief Wiremu Kingi Moki Te Matakatea, and Te Whare Matangi Harrison, a nephew of the English novelist Charles Kingsley.
Sturm's mother died of septicaemia shortly after her birth. Her father took her older sister Evadne back to the Bay of Plenty to be raised by his family, but Sturm's maternal grandmother Tautokai insisted on raising her in Taranaki. However, when Sturm was four, Tautokai became ill and believed she was dying, so Sturm was fostered by a local nurse and her husband, Ethel and Bert Sturm. They renamed her Jacqueline Cecilia Sturm and formally adopted her in 1941. Ethel was Pākehā, while Bert was Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāti Porou, and a greengrocer. Both were in their late 50s/early 60s at the time of the adoption and had two elder daughters. Sturm grew up with them in a predominantly Pākehā environment, and wrote in later years of her feeling of being out of place or living between worlds. Her poem "In Loco Parentis" recalled how the Sturms "... planted, nurtured / Trained, pruned, grafted me / Only to find a native plant / Will always a native be".
Sturm began writing poetry at age 11, while recovering from what may have been rheumatic fever and living in Pukerua Bay. She excelled at school both academically and in sport, becoming school dux and swimming champion of Napier Girls' High School. In her late teens, she visited Māori communities in Urewera and the Bay of Plenty, where her father was from, and after this experience had ambitions of becoming a doctor. Reverend Manuhuia Bennett (later the Bishop of Aotearoa) was impressed by her educational achievements and was instrumental in encouraging her parents to allow her to enrol at the University of Otago.
University and marriage
In 1946, Sturm began studying at the University of Otago; she was the only Māori woman on campus. Her initial plan had been to study medicine, but despite earning strong grades, she narrowly missed out on entrance to the medical school due to admissions criteria favouring soldiers returned from the Second World War. She therefore started studying towards a Bachelor of Arts, initially with a view to re-trying for admission to the medical school, but decided instead to pursue graduate study in anthropology. Sturm had her first poem published in the student magazine Critic, and was a runner-up in an annual poetry competition to another young New Zealand poet, James K. Baxter. Her first impression of Baxter was that he was "a somewhat dopey-looking individual, not my idea of a poet, but he had a marvellous voice and he knew how to use it".
In late 1947 Sturm moved to Canterbury University College in Christchurch to study anthropology under the well-known social psychologist Ivan Sutherland. By this time she and Baxter were in a relationship and he moved to Christchurch with her. Sturm later recalled feeling disconcerted when he turned up in her lectures. He suffered from alcoholism during this time and his behaviour was often erratic. Baxter became the literary editor of the student magazine Canta, but did not publish any poems written by Sturm, and her first poems in the magazine were published by Bill Pearson when he took over the role from Baxter in 1948.
When Sturm and Baxter began speaking of marriage in late 1948, both sets of parents tried to dissuade them, given that they were only 21 and 22 respectively. Despite this parental opposition, Sturm and Baxter married on 9 December 1948 at the Cathedral of St John the Evangelist, Napier, then moved to Wellington.
In 1949, Sturm graduated from Victoria University College with a Bachelor of Arts, becoming one of the first Māori women to complete an undergraduate university degree. That same year she gave birth to her and Baxter's daughter, Hilary. Hilary's godfather was the painter Colin McCahon. In 1952, Sturm graduated from Victoria University College with a Masters of Arts in Philosophy, one of the first masters' degrees awarded to a Māori woman. Her dissertation, "New Zealand National Character as Exemplified in Three New Zealand Novelists", was commended as being of exceptional merit, and she was awarded first class honours. In that same year, Sturm and Baxter had a son, John.
1950s to 1970s Early in the 1950s, Sturm began to write short stories, partly to distinguish her own writing from her husband's poetry. For similar reasons, she wrote under the name J.C. Sturm rather than using her married name. Her first short story, "The Old Coat", was published in the journal Numbers in 1954. The following year, "For All the Saints" was published in the journal Te Ao Hou / The New World. She featured regularly in both journals through the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1966 C. K. Stead selected "For All the Saints" for inclusion in his anthology of New Zealand short stories published by the Oxford University Press. She was the first Māori writer whose work was selected for a New Zealand anthology. The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature said of her work:
In the 1950s and until 1968, Sturm was active in Ngāti Poneke, a local cultural club for young Māori, and the Māori Women's Welfare League. She was secretary of the Wellington Branch of the League, and acted as the League's representative on the Māori Education Foundation Board for many years. She was the second woman to sit on the board and one of only two Māori appointees. In 1954, she wrote a detailed article about the work and history of the Māori Women's Welfare League in an article for Te Ao Hou / The New World.
In late 1954, Baxter joined Alcoholics Anonymous, successfully achieving sobriety, and in 1955, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Victoria University College. He received a substantial inheritance from a great-aunt in the same year, so he and Sturm were able to purchase a house in Ngaio, Wellington. In 1957 Sturm and Baxter separated briefly after his conversion to Roman Catholicism, in part because she was a committed Anglican. Baxter admitted in a letter to a friend that his conversion was "just one more event in a series of injuries, alcoholism, and gross mistakes". They reunited the following year in Delhi, India, after Baxter accepted a UNESCO fellowship. After the family returned to New Zealand, Baxter worked for some years as a postman, and the family moved to Dunedin in 1966 so he could take up the Robert Burns Fellowship.
In 1968, and following the family's return to Wellington, Sturm and Baxter began living apart once again, as Baxter had founded and moved to a commune at Jerusalem, New Zealand (also known by its phonologically adapted Māori name, Hiruhārama) on the Whanganui River. Baxter wrote in a letter to his friend John Weir: "I must become a in my heart – as I am already a little by love of my wife – to help both and . My wife will not come at first, for she has not seen the seed with the eyes of her soul. When the tree has grown, she will come to shelter under it." Sturm did not join Baxter at Jerusalem, and around this time began raising her granddaughter Stephanie, who was born in 1968. In an interview in 2006, Sturm said of this time: "...because of factors beyond my control, my private life took a right angle turn and I became a solo mum. And I thought, right, it's time to do a bit of pruning with your life and trim off all the fancy bits. So I pulled out of all the Māori activities that I was involved in – which included Ngāti Poneke and the Māori Education Foundation and the Māori Women's Welfare League. And the other thing that I had to drop was any writing, because survival was the name of the game and I had to get out and get a job."
In 1969, Sturm began working at the Wellington Public Library, where she continued working for 27 years. She was the librarian in charge of the New Zealand collection from 1969 to 1982. As one of the first Māori librarians, she was an advocate for other Māori librarians and spoke out against the (then) common practice of requiring Māori staff to be unofficial cultural advisers to their employers. After Baxter died in 1972, Sturm acted as his literary executor: collecting and cataloguing his prolific writing, arranging new and revised publications of his work, and negotiating the use and adaptation of his works. She set up the James K. Baxter Charitable Trust, which supported causes he had supported, for example prison reform and drug addiction rehabilitation programmes, and ensured that all proceeds of his work went to the trust.
Return to the literary world In 1982, well-known New Zealand author Witi Ihimaera selected two of Sturm's stories for inclusion in his anthology of Māori writing, Into the World of Light (1982). He had met her and come to know her through her work at the Wellington Public Library. In 1983, Sturm's collected short stories were published as The House of the Talking Cat by the women's publishing collective Spiral. The publication followed a suggestion by fellow writer Patricia Grace that the Women's Gallery invite Sturm to participate in a 1980 public reading; at that event, Auckland Women's Community Video recorded Sturm reading her short story "A Thousand and One Nights" and Marian Evans interviewing her.
The House of the Talking Cat was shortlisted in the New Zealand Book Awards and the stories were translated into German and Japanese. The stories had been written in the 1960s but Sturm had been unable to find a publisher for the collection. If she had, it would have been the first book of fiction in English published by any Māori writer, male or female. New Zealand author Janet Frame described the publication as "an event too long awaited and it's marvellous that it's happening at last".
Witi Ihimaera, in a review for the New Zealand Listener, called her "a pivotal presence in the Māori literary tradition", and speculated on the course Māori literature might have taken had Sturm and the book "achieved success and publication in their time, rather than twenty years later". A review in The Press noted that although written and set in the 1960s, "the stories retain an appeal partly because of the author's descriptive talent [and] because of her insight into people". The book was re-printed in 1986 and again in 2003. A review of the 1986 edition observed that the stories "are tautly crafted, detailed, and perceptive", and that New Zealand literature was poorer for Sturm's absence in the intervening years.