The European Union Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS, EU MSS or EU Maritime Security Strategy) is a maritime security strategy of the European Union. It was first adopted by EU member states in June 2014 and later revised in 2023 due to geopolitical changes. It provides a framework for the EU's actions within maritime security to promote more coherent approaches to identified maritime security challenges.
The applicable EUMSS from 2023 builds upon the principles from the earlier EUMSS, where maritime security is defined as "a state of affairs of the global maritime domain in which international law and national law are enforced, freedom of navigation is guaranteed and citizens, infrastructure, transport, the environment and marine resources are protected". The strategy aims to safeguard freedom of navigation, protect maritime infrastructure, and respond to evolving threats such as piracy, cyberattacks, and environmental degradation. By integrating maritime security into broader EU policies, the EUMSS seeks to strengthen the EU's role as a global maritime actor while promoting stability and sustainable use of the seas.
History
Early maritime activities, before 2014 Before the adoption of the European Union Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS) in 2014, the EU had different policies where maritime initiatives were mentioned leaving the unified maritime activities fragmented. Furthermore, all maritime operations were done through the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). Early initiatives include Operation Atalanta, launched in 2008, which targeted piracy off the coast of Somalia, and later Operation Sophia in 2015, aimed at disrupting human smuggling networks in the Mediterranean, and Operation Irini in 2020. However, due to the fragmentation of EU maritime initiatives on different policy areas, the operations and interest were not secured efficiently.
The first idea for a unified european maritime security strategy, was brought forward at a defense meeting by Spain, who held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2010. The idea met resistance from several Member States including the UK and Germany who opposed integration in defense policy due to concerns about the loss of sovereignty. They rejected any text that explicitly referenced a possible unified maritime security strategy for the EU. As a result, an adoption of a unified strategy was impossible.
In 2013 a study by the European Parliament’s Directorate General was published, which emphasized the need for a unified maritime strategy due to the following challenges:
emerging threat to global maritime governance systems posed by non-state actors such as pirates, terrorists, and criminal syndicates. a growth in competitive tensions, pressures, and bottlenecks due to the interconnectedness of maritime infrastructures across regions. a shift in the global maritime balance due to the emergence of “rising powers”. increased difficulty in securing international cooperation and effective global governance in a complex environment
Geopolitical changes pushed the member states towards a constructive discussion. These changes were mainly Russia’s annexation of Crimea, China's beginning maritime aggressions in the South China sea, growing international interest in the Arctic, as well as threats to EUs interest in the North-Western Indian Ocean and Gulf of Guinea. In addition, member states were concerned about their economy due to changes in shipping and economic pressure from the earlier financial crisis.
European Union Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS) 2014 In 2014 the Member States begun to discuss how a maritime strategy should look like. Member States fell in one of two groups on the matter. One group of Member States supported more references to NATO and fewer supranational regulations. This group included the United Kingdom, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Malta, Netherlands, Bulgaria, Romania, Sweden and Denmark. The other group supported deeper integration on matters of maritime security, and of EU security in general. This group included France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Ireland, Finland, Belgium and Luxembourg among others. In the final strategy, references to NATO were kept and four supranational regulations were removed.
The EUMSS 2014 was followed by an action plan, and a revised action plan in 2018. Both plans build upon the following principles:
cross-sectoral approach functional integrity respect for rules and principles maritime multilateralism
It contains 130 actions across the five work-strands: external action; maritime awareness; capability development; risk management; protection of critical maritime infrastructure and crisis response; and maritime security research and innovation, education, and training. The plan specifics which actors are responsible for implementing the specific action. The European Commission and the High Representative are jointly responsible for reporting on the implementation of the action plan. Each implementation report is based on the contributions from EU member states. The result of the first two implementation reports was the adoption of a revised action plan.
In 2018 the action plan was revised, to ensure that EU's policy response remains fit. It addressed global maritime challenges through a two-part structure: horizontal issues like cybersecurity and critical infrastructure, and regional threats such as instability in the Gulf of Guinea and the Mediterranean.
European Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS) 2023 In 2023 the EU revised the EUMSS because of evolving global threats. The aim of the revised strategy is to make sure that EU can address new security threats, especially regarding growing strategic competition for power and resources in the sea basins around the EU and beyond, environmental degradation, and hybrid and cyber-attacks targeting maritime infrastructure. Furthermore, the world is getting increasingly complex and multi-layered. This is exemplified by Russia's military aggression against Ukraine and the negative spill-over effects on the European economy. Other challenges to maritime security include violations of national sovereignty and threats to freedom of navigation and rights of innocent passage. Regional tensions are identified within and beyond Europe, including the Gulf of Guinea, the Gulf of Aden, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Strait of Malacca. The Indo-Pacific is characterized as “an area of intense geopolitical competition” that undermines global security and affects key shipping routes. The strategy also highlights the impacts of climate change and marine pollution, such as flooding and depleting fish stocks, which worsen inequalities and maritime crime, and the rising threat of hybrid and cyber-attacks on critical maritime infrastructure, such as the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage. The strategy calls for better protection of undersea cables, pipelines, ports, and ships, aligning with EU initiatives like the Critical Entities Resilience Directive and NIS2 Directive to enhance infrastructure security.
EUMSS 2023 was followed by an action plan, focusing on:
Step up activities at sea Cooperate with partners Lead on maritime domain awareness Manage risks and threats Boost capabilities Educate and train
Each section includes a list of key EU actions that are necessary to meet the stated objectives in the updated EUMSS. These actions include:
naval exercises at the EU-level deeper cooperation with NATO and other international partners secure information exchange between national and EU authorities monitoring and protecting critical maritime infrastructure developing common requirements for defence technologies investing in hybrid and cyber security qualifications
The updated EUMSS and the action plan set out a path towards increasing the EU's international maritime security role, in line with the EU Strategic Compass for Security and Defence.
Challenges and limitations for the EUMSS efficiency EUMSS 2014 and 2023 marks progress in establishing the EU as a maritime security actor. However, the strategy and its action plans faces challenges which needs to be addressed:
The union must clarify whether the EU aims to compete with global powers like China, Russia, and the U.S., or prioritize combating maritime crimes. If this is not addressed a consequence is, that the EU will appear as a weak and unreliable partner, which will hurt their goal of becoming a maritime power. There is a need of an alignment of member states' maritime policies is critical for unified EU action. Disparities in national interests pose a challenge, requiring enhanced information sharing tools, which depend on political will. One solution for this requires that the EU is expanding their information sharing tools, but this requires political will from the member states. The EU's Command and Control (C2) structures are fragmented, with inadequate resources for maritime surveillance and naval vessels. This limits the effectiveness of EU operations in key maritime regions.
Overcoming these obstacles will be crucial for the EU to fully realize its maritime security ambitions and strengthen its position as a global maritime power.
The Coordinated Maritime Presence concept, 2021 The Coordinated Maritime Presences (CMP) concept was introduced in 2019 and adopted in 2021 as a way for the EU to enhance it maritime presence in a flexible way. The concept is an extension of the EUMSS, as it operationalizes the strategic interests mentioned, such as maintaining a continuous EU maritime presence in key regions, ensuring freedom of navigation, and protecting critical maritime infrastructure. The CMP was developed as an alternative to CSDP operations, which have been criticized for being rigid and inefficient due to their requirement for Council approval and the creation of new structures for each mission. In contrast, CMP operations are voluntary, relying on existing naval and air assets contributed by member states in Maritime Areas of Interest (MAI). A CMP operation only operations in MAI’s which is areas appointed by the European Council. The coordination for each operation is coordinated by the EU’s Maritime Area of Interest Coordination Cell (MAICC), but each vessel is still operating under national command. The MAICC supports information sharing, situational awareness, and operational alignment among participating member states. It utilizes tools like the Maritime Surveillance (MARSUR) network to ensure efficient communication and interoperability during missions. The concept focuses on stopping illegal and illicit activities at sea, including human trafficking, drug trafficking, piracy, and IUU (Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated) fishing.
CMP deployments operate on a voluntary basis, allowing each member state to retain command over its naval assets while contributing to shared EU objectives. This makes it more flexible for member states to contribute to operations when it aligns with their national interests, and the union avoids disputes regarding further european integration.
Operations