Malmidea is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus Malcolmiella. The crust-like thallus of Malmidea lichens has a surface that varies from smooth to rough, featuring textures such as (wart-like), (grainy), or (pimpled). These textures are often formed by , which are spherical clusters of green algal cells from the family Chlorococcaceae, encased in fungal hyphae. Malmidea comprises nearly 70 mostly tropical species that grow on bark, although a few grow on leaves.

Taxonomy Both the family Malmideaceae and the genus Malmidea were created in 2011 to accommodate a group of species, formerly placed in genus Malcolmiella (family Ectolechiaceae), that molecular phylogenetics showed to be a distinct lineage and worthy of recognition at the family level. Klaus Kalb, Eimy Rivas Plata, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch originally placed 37 species in the genus – 5 new species and 32 new combinations. Many additional species have since been transferred to Malmidea from other genera, or described as new.

The generic name Malmidea honours Swedish botanist Gustaf Oskar Andersson Malme (1864–1937).

Description The thallus of Malmidea lichens grow on bark (corticolous) or on leaves (foliicolous). The form of the thallus is like a crust, ranging in surface texture from smooth to (studded with wartlike protuberances), (covered with small grains) or (covered with pustules). These variously shaped surface bumps are often formed by (spherical aggregations of photobiont cells surrounded by short-celled hyphae) that develop on a whitish fibrous underlying prothallus. The partner of Malmidea is a member of Chlorococcaceae, a family of green algae.

Malmidea apothecia are sessile, with a more or less rounded shape, and have a distinct margin. They have a form, meaning that they have only a pale, not blackened proper margin and always lack a margin on the thallus. The is usually (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions), made of radiating hyphae, partly with medullary layer or chambers composed of loosely arranged, periclinal hyphae (i.e. lined up in parallel adjacent to another layer of hyphae) with constricted septa and incrusted with hydrophobic granules. The (the layer of hyphal tissue immediately beneath the hymenium) is (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are all oriented in one direction), and translucent to dark brown. Asci are club-shaped, lacking a distinct tubular structure in the that is characteristic of family Ectolechiaceae. Ascospores usually number four to eight per ascus, and are colourless, ellipsoid, non-septate, and usually filled with oblong crystals. The spore walls are evenly thickened or thickened at the ends, and (having a transparent outer layer). Conidia are threadlike and curved, measuring 17–25 by 0.8 μm. Pycnidia are rare in this genus; they occur in the thallus warts and are whitish and spherical, about 0.1 mm in diameter.

Chemistry Secondary chemicals associated with Malmidea include atranorin, sometimes norsolorinic acid (as in M. piperis), anthraquinones, biphenyls and many unknown xantholepinones.

Species

, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 68 species of Malmidea. Malmidea mostly occurs in tropical rainforests.

Malmidea albomarginata – Venezuela Malmidea allobakeri – Brazil Malmidea allopapillosa – Venezuela Malmidea amazonica Malmidea atlantica Malmidea atlanticoides – Brazil Malmidea attenboroughii – Bolivia Malmidea aurigera Malmidea bacidinoides Malmidea badimioides Malmidea bakeri – Asia Malmidea ceylanica Malmidea chrysostigma – Asia Malmidea cineracea – Nicaragua Malmidea cinereonigrella Malmidea coralliformis – Thailand Malmidea corallophora – Philippines Malmidea demutans – Colombia Malmidea densisidiata – Brazil Malmidea duplomarginata Malmidea eeuuae – Thailand Malmidea fellhaneroides Malmidea fenicis Malmidea flavimarginata – Colombia Malmidea flavopustulosa Malmidea floridensis – Malmidea fulva Malmidea furfurosa Malmidea fuscella Malmidea granifera Malmidea gyalectoides Malmidea gymnopiperis Malmidea hechicerae – Venezuela Malmidea hernandeziana – Venezuela Malmidea hypomelaena Malmidea incrassata – Brazil Malmidea indica Malmidea inflata – Thailand Malmidea isidiifera – Brazil; Venezuela Malmidea isidiopiperina – Colombia Malmidea leptoloma Malmidea leucogranifera Malmidea leucopiperis – Brazil; Venezuela Malmidea papillitrailiana – Colombia Malmidea nigra – Brazil Malmidea nigromarginata – Nicaragua Malmidea pallidoatlantica – Brazil Malmidea papillosa – Sri Lanka Malmidea perisidiata Malmidea perplexa – Brazil; Thailand Malmidea piae – Thailand Malmidea piperina Malmidea piperis Malmidea plicata – Sri Lanka Malmidea polisensis Malmidea polycampia Malmidea psychotrioides Malmidea reunionis – Réunion Malmidea rhodopisoides – Brazil Malmidea rhodopsis Malmidea sanguineostigma – Sri Lanka Malmidea sorsogona Malmidea subaurigera – Asia Malmidea subcinerea – Venezuela Malmidea subgranifera Malmidea sulphureosorediata – Brazil Malmidea taytayensis Malmidea trailiana Malmidea tratiana – Thailand Malmidea variabilis – Thailand Malmidea vinosa Malmidea volcaniana – Brazil; Venezuela

References