ZNF337, also known as zinc finger protein 337, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF337 gene. The ZNF337 gene is located on human chromosome 20 (20p11.21). Its protein contains 751 amino acids, has a 4,237 base pair mRNA and contains 6 exons total. In addition, alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The ZNF337 gene encodes a zinc finger domain containing protein, however, this gene/protein is not yet well understood by the scientific community. The function of this gene has been proposed to participate in a processes such as the regulation of transcription (DNA-dependent), and proteins are expected to have molecular functions such as DNA binding, metal ion binding, zinc ion binding, which would be further localized in various subcellular locations. While there are no commonly associated or known aliases, an important paralog of this gene is ZNF875.
Gene There are no commonly associated or known aliases beyond Zinc Finger 337, however, some potential ones could include LOC26152. Its locus is found on chromosome 20, positioned 11.21 (20p11.21). Base coordinates are on the negative (minus) strand. There are 6 exons in total. The span of the ZNF337 gene (the start of transcription to the polyA site in base-pairs) is 4,237 base pairs (mRNA).
Transcripts The ZNF337 gene contains two transcript variants (both encode the same protein); variant 1 represents the longer transcript (751 aa) while variant 2 differs in the 5’ UTR. There are also three isoforms (X1, X2, and X3). These isoforms represent one of many splice variants of the gene (while the transcript is an expressed sequence).
Proteins ZNF337 has a predicted molecular weight of about 86.9 kdal and a predicted isoelectric point of 9.74 pI. These are predictions, as post translational modifications could affect these values. As suggested by the protein's name, there are several zinc fingers. There are no high scoring hydrophobic or transmembrane segments/regions and has no positive or negative charge clusters.
Some amino acids found in ZNF337 are seen in unusual amounts as shown below. In amino acid distribution, glutamine (E), methionine (M), and alanine (A) are low while cysteine (C ) and histidine (H) are high. It is rare for cysteine particularly to be highly expressed in amino acid sequences; the ZNF337 protein is an unusually basic protein. Because of its basic properties, it is DNA or RNA loving (i.e. able to bind to DNA or RNA fairly easily).
Domains and Motifs As found through the MyHits program (found on ExPasy), there are about 6 different motifs (or pfams) present in ZNF337. +Motif TypeAmino Acid Sequence Positione-valueKRAB (KRAB box)12-526.6e-26PHD (PHD-finger)349-4120.0032Rpr2 (RNAse P Rpr2/Rpr21/SNM1 domain)472-5510.00088Zf-Cys2His2 (Zinc finger, Cys2His2 type)208-2304.3e-06236-2583.8e-09264-2866e-07292-3142.4e-08320-3424.6e-07348-3701.9e-09376-3982.8e-07404-4265.9e-09432-4541.2e-07460-4821.8e-08488-5103.1e-07516-5383.8-07544-5662.1e-06572-5942.2e-06600-6225e-07628-6501.3e-08656-6790.00014685-7072.4e-07713-7351.2e-07Zf-C3HC4 (Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger))210-2690.00083Zf-FCS (MYM-type zinc finger with FCS sequence motif)342-3850.02 Table 1. Six different motifs within the ZNF337 protein. The KRAB box, PHD finger, Rpr2, Zinc finger (Cys2His2 type), Zinc finger (C3HC4 type - RING finger), and Zinc finger (MYM-type zinc finger with FCS sequence motif) all play different functions and roles.
Secondary & Tertiary Structures The secondary structure of ZNF337 is predicted to have many helices, sheets, turns and coils (especially random coils) as shown below. +Secondary Structure CompositionType of Secondary StructureNumber of Amino AcidsPercent CompositionAlpha Helix16922.50%Extended Strand15420.51%Random Coil42856.99%
Both the H. Sapiens and P. troglodyte secondary structures are extremely similar; however, it is interesting to compare to S. dumerili where there is a stronger presence of sheets and coils between both 200-300 bp and 400-500 bp positions instead of sheets and helices. Additionally, comparing the beginning of the secondary structure (0-14 bp) of all species/orthologs shows that coils and turns make up the majority of the beginning, but not as much in some species such as S. dumerili (more helices and sheets instead).
Several tertiary structure modeling programs were unable to construct a model for ZNF337. When using the SWISS-model program, some models were constructed, however, to ZNF568. The ZNF568 protein sequence is 45.20% identical to that of ZNF337, has a sequence similarity of 0.44, and coverage of 0.37 with a range between the 345-623 bp amino acids in the ZNF337 protein sequence. The predicted tertiary structure is shown in Figure 1. In this figure, there are several zinc ion ligands.
ZNF568 is a protein coding gene, associated with diseases such as transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. It has transcriptional repression activity, partially through the recruitment of the co-repressor TRIM28, but also has repression activity independently of this interaction. It is specifically important during embryonic development, where it acts as a direct repressor of a placental-specific transcript of IGF2 in early development and regulates convergent extension movements required for axis elongation and tissue morphogenesis in all germ layers. It is also crucial for normal morphogenesis of extraembryonic tissues including the yolk sac, extraembryonic mesoderm and placenta. Interestingly, it may enhance proliferation or maintenance of neural stem cells
Gene Level Regulation
Promoter The promoter region was chosen using ElDorado at Genomatrix, which assessed the ZNF337 gene locus for possible promoter regions. Out of the six possible promoter regions and sets, promoter set 6 (GXP_8991829) was chosen as it is the one best supported by transcripts (has six transcript ID's). Its start position is 25696627, its end position is 25697904 and its length is 1278 base pairs. Within GXP_8991829 (-), coding transcript GXT_26235925 was chosen as it has 5 exons, 37,403 CAGE tags, and corresponds with accession number XM_006723558 in NCBI (see Figure 2).
The promoter sequence contains a CpG island with a CpG count of 138. There is also a DNAse cluster (score =1000) present within the promoter sequence.
Transcription Factor Binding Sites Possible transcription factors for the ZNF337 promoter region were determined using ElDorado at Genomatrix. These are listed below in Table 2. Transcription factor Detailed matrix information Anchor base/Position Matrix similarity SequenceTF2BTranscription factor II B (TFIIB) recognition element9841.0ccgCGCCVTBPAvian C-type LTR TATA box 210.814ctatagtTAAGaacaatAvian C-type LTR TATA box 7430.825ttttattTAGGtagcccLentivirus LTR TATA box3140.83gtgTATAatatgctgatCellular and viral TATA box elements1770.961ccctaTAAAtatgtacaCellular and viral TATA box elements2750.911aaataTAAAgtctacgtCAATCellular and viral CCAAT box5530.909taaaCCATtgagagaCAATNuclear factor Y (Y-box binding factor)1140.939taccCCAAtcaccctCEBPCCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), epsilon2890.974gtggtttgGCAAgcc Table 2. Possible transcription factors for ZNF337 promoter region.
There are 340 factors from 129 cell types of Transcription Factor ChIP-seq Clusters (from Encode3). With that said, only the strong ones (indicated as black or dark grey) that also contain peaks within the promoter or enhancer regions are shown in Table 3. Location Transcription factor – ChIP Cell Type(s)PromoterCTCFGM12878 (human lymphoblastoid), H1-hESC (human embryonic stem cells), K562 (myelogenous leukemia cells)PromoterRFX5GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid)PromoterSTAT1GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid)PromoterTAF1GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid)PromoterTRIM22GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid)PromoterRESTH1-hESC (human embryonic stem cells)PromoterGABPAHeLa-S3 (cervical cancer cell line)PromoterMAFKHeLa-S3 (cervical cancer cell line)PromoterTBPHeLa-S3 (cervical cancer cell line)PromoterFOXA1HepG2 (human liver cancer cell line)PromoterSIN3AHepG2 (human liver cancer cell line)PromoterSP1HepG2 (human liver cancer cell line)PromoterGATA2K562 (myelogenous leukemia cells)PromoterMYCK562 (myelogenous leukemia cells)PromoterPOLR2ABody of PancreasPromoterFOSEndothelial Cell of Umbilical Vein Table 3. Transcription Factor-ChIP Clusters associated with specific cell types.
According to ORegAnno (literature curated TFBSs), there is no TF-ChIP signal overlap within the promoter/enhancer regions. Most of the ORegAnno citations correlate with a “NANP” gene, while transcription factors CTCF and CEBPA are confirmed in the enhancer region for the ZNF337 gene.
Expression Patterns Both RNA sequence data from the Gene database records at NCBI and the Human Protein Atlas using immunohistochemical staining to determine protein in various tissues show that the ZNF337 protein is expressed in many tissues. While ZNF337 mRNA tissue specificity is expressed in low tissue specificity levels, the mRNA is notably expressed in the cerebellum (brain) but is also more highly expressed in all tissues (distribution in all) compared to protein expression, especially higher in female tissues.
An antibody was developed against a recombinant protein corresponding to amino acids: ESSQGQRENPTEIDKVLKGIENSRWGAFKCAERGQDFSRKMMVIIHKKAHSRQKLFTCRECHQGFRDESALLLHQN. The specificity of human ZNF337 antibody was verified on a Protein Array containing target protein plus 383 other non-specific proteins. This isotype is IgG, its clonality is polyclonal, its host is rabbit, and its purity is immunogen affinity purified. This staining of human cerebellum shows cytoplasmic positivity in Purkinje cells (which regulate and coordinate motor movements through inhibitory functions and neurotransmitters).
While there is little-some expressivity in a wide range of tissues, together, these results indicate a trend that expressivity is highest and most present in the brain, particularly the cerebellum. A few experiments and results also indicate expressivity in female (and some male) reproductive tissues.
Transcript Level Regulation Multiple sequence alignments were created to observe conservation between different species. Specifically, a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of the ZNF337 promoter region in primates and marsupial (opossum, chimpanzee, human, and rhesus monkey), or closely related species, shows little to no conservation in the beginning of sequences.
There are highly conserved regions in the beginning of both the 5’ UTR and 3’ UTR multiple sequence alignments. These could be functionally important based on stem-loop formations, miRNA binding capacity, or RNA binding protein binding capacity.
Protein Level Regulation
Localization The prediction for localization of ZNF337 is highest in the nucleus (nuclear) at 95.7% followed by 4.3% in the mitochondria (mitochondrial).
Post-Translational Modifications ZNF337 contains many predicted post-translational domains such as phosphorylation (serine and tyrosine kinases), PEST motifs, O-GlcNAc sites, SUMOylation, and glycation as seen below: +ModificationAmino Acid Number (in sequence)Phosphorylation46, 109, 127, 155, 287, 446, 474, 483, 672, 695, 708, 743, 745, 751PEST motif598-612O-GlcNAc sites109, 142, 231, 384, 750, 751SUMOylation633Glycation94, 123, 125, 199, 206, 234, 248, 309, 339, 374, 388, 407, 430, 449, 486, 547, 556, 617, 668, 730 Table 4. Different post-translation modifications. Modifications can alter protein structure, thus affecting overall protein function and viability.
PEST motifs are high in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T). PEST motifs are linked to a reduced half-life of proteins and are potential targets for proteolytic degradation/cleavage sites. O-GlcNAc modifications may compete with phosphorylation for control of a protein's activation state.