Gerald Bonner (18 June 1926 – 22 May 2013) was a conservative Anglican Early Church historian and scholar of religion, who lectured at the Department of Theology of Durham University from 1964 to 1988. He was also an author and an internationally distinguished scholar of patristic studies.
Early life
Gerald Ian Bonner was born in London in 1926. He was the child of Frederick John Bonner and Constance Emily Bonner. His father, an Indian Army veteran, died in 1931, as a result of injuries received in World War I. Constance was left to raise five-year-old Gerald and his three-year-old brother, Nigel Bonner, on a schoolteacher's salary.
Later in their lives, Gerald became a noted Early Church historian and scholar. Nigel became a zoologist, heading the Life Sciences Division of the British Antarctic Survey from 1974 to 1986, and retired as deputy director (1986 to 1988). Nigel was awarded the Polar Medal in 1987.
Education and war service
At the age of ten, Bonner was awarded a scholarship to the Stationers' Company's School in Hornsey, where he was educated, from 1936 to 1944. However, in 1939, the school was evacuated to Wisbech for several years, due to World War II. It was during this period, as a thirteen-year-old schoolboy in 1939, that a sermon sparked Bonner's lifelong interest in St. Augustine.
In 1944, at the age of eighteen, he joined the Army, serving as a wireless operator in Palestine with the First King's Dragoon Guards before returning to England for officer training in 1947 and subsequently joining the regiment in its deployment to Libya.
In a continuation of his earlier interest, while in Tripoli, Bonner purchased a 1930 Turin reprint of St. Augustine's Confessions, which included notes by a seventeen-century German Jesuit, Heinrich Wangnereck.
After demobilization and a year of civilian employment, Bonner received an ex-serviceman's university grant making it possible for him to attend Wadham College, Oxford, where he studied modern history with Pat Thompson from 1949 to 1952 . and was awarded First Class Honours. Although it was uncommon at the time, to engage in further studies, from 1952 to 1953 he undertook postgraduate research supervised by Fr. Thomas Corbishley, Master of Campion Hall (1945–1958), Retrieved on 20 January 2013. the Jesuit hall of studies at Oxford.
British Museum England was still suffering from the effects of the war, and twenty-seven year-old Bonner required employment. As the result of a "rare opportunity", he left Oxford for London, to work in the Department of Manuscripts at the British Museum.
Bonner worked with the Department of Manuscripts at the British Museum, from 1953 until 1964, serving under Bertram Schofield and Theodore Cressy Skeat. The opportunity to work with such a fine collection of manuscripts, and with the noted scholars on staff, was indeed, a "rare opportunity". However, there were frustrations, due to the backlog of uncataloged manuscripts which had accumulated during the war years. As a result, the staff were obliged to spend most of their time cataloguing mundane collections. One of his colleagues at this time was Janet Backhouse, an authority in the field of illuminated manuscripts. Pamela Porter and Shelley Jones, "Janet Backhouse: Colleague and Friend", in Michelle P. Brown and Scot McKendrick (eds), Illuminating the Book: Makers and Interpreters: Essays in Honour of Janet Backhouse (London: The British Library, 1998), p. 11.
Some of his more interesting cataloging responsibilities included a tenth century Greek manuscript of the orations of the Cappadocian Father, St. Gregory Nazianzen, a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople, and theologian.
Bonner also cataloged the letters of David Livingstone, a Christian missionary, and explorer of Africa. It was Livingstone's meeting with Henry Morton Stanley on 10 November 1871 that gave rise to the popular quote, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"Copied content from David Livingstone;see that page history for attribution
The Crum Papers, of Walter Ewing Crum, proved of particular interest to Bonner, because of Crum's work compiling an authoritative Coptic dictionary. Coptic, the latest stage of the language of ancient Egypt, is still spoken liturgically in the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic ChurchCopied (some) content from Coptic language;see that page history for attribution
In addition to his duties at the Museum, Bonner found time to pursue independent scholarship, and publish his first scholarly essays.
Bonner's interest in St. Augustine, sparked at the age of thirteen, came to fruition when, in 1963, he published his seminal study, St. Augustine of Hippo: Life and Controversies, the first of his published works on this important Church Father. The "Church Fathers" were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity.Copied content from Church Fathers;see that page history for attribution
Durham University Department of Theology While attending the Oxford Patristic Conference of 1963, Bonner chanced to meet Hugh Turner, an Anglican priest, theologian, and academic. Turner invited him to apply for a lecturership at Durham University. He joined the Theology Department at Durham in 1964, and served as resident historian, and teacher of church history until 1988. During this time, he was promoted to the rank of Reader of Theology in recognition of his high standard of scholarship.
As of 1964, the Department of Theology was heavily oriented to biblical studies. Bonner's appointment represented an attempt by the university to expand expertise in early Church history. As a result, by the early 1970s, both Church History and Theology had become accepted tracks for Durham theology students. Bonner's "option" for Augustine of Hippo in the Honours School of Theology was continued by his successor, Carol Harrison, a theologian and ecclesiastical historian, specialising in Augustine of Hippo.
At the beginning of Bonner's tenure, the Department of Theology was "housed" in scattered rooms in different buildings. As the department grew, it acquired additional faculty members, many of whom were laypeople. It was necessary to consolidate, and to establish a departmental building.
As a result of this growth, the historic Abbey House, near the cathedral, was designated to house the newly enlarged Department of Theology. Bonner moved from his old office, (a former shop on the Bailey) and established his new office in the Abbey House.
St. Bede and St. Cuthbert
Durham Cathedral is a magnificent edifice and is regarded as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture in Europe. In 1986, the cathedral, together with the nearby Castle, became a World Heritage Site. Within the outward grandeur of the cathedral, are housed the mortal remains of two figures who were highly influential in the development of Christianity in the North of England. Durham Cathedral hosts the tomb of St. Bede and of St. Cuthbert, both of whom are northern saints.
Some of Bonner's theological work at the university was involved with the study of Bede and Cuthbert.
St. Bede, or the Venerable Bede, a Benedictine monk, was one of the greatest teachers and writers of the Early Middle Ages, and an important scholar and historian.Copied content from Bede;see that page history for attribution
Bonner's work on St. Bede (buried in the Galilee Chapel of the cathedral) reflected the fact that in 1964, early Northumbrian history was taught only by an archaeologist, Rosemary Cramp. The literary products of Northumbrian culture received little scrutiny. Building on the work of the Durham antiquarian Bertram Colgrave, Bonner undertook to promote greater understanding beginning with his 1966 Jarrow Lecture, entitled St. Bede in the Tradition of Western Apocalyptic Commentary. Bede's life and work are celebrated through the annual Jarrow Lecture.
He organised the Bedan Conference of 1973, authored the catalogue for the 1974 Sunderland Exhibition on Bede, and edited a book of essays for the thirteenth centenary of Bede in 1976. His edits of the proceedings, were presented under the title "Famulus Christi". Later he selected (at the request of Canon Douglas Jones, the Lightfoot Professor of Divinity) a quotation from Bede's work to be displayed above Bede's tomb.
Bonner also originated courses on St. Cuthbert, the most important medieval saint of Northern England, with a cult centred on his tomb at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is also regarded as the patron saint of Northumbria.Copied content from Cuthbert;see that page history for attribution Bonner presented a paper for the Cuthbert Conference of 1987, published as St. Cuthbert, His Cult and His Community to A.D. 1200.
Because he wished to ensure the appointment of a successor to his position, he decided to retire early, in 1988.
St. Augustine
Despite his other scholarly works, the study of St. Augustine remained as a primary interest. During his tenure at Durham, he continued to produce articles concerning Augustine, and was requested to write about Augustine for dictionaries, lexicons and encyclopedias. A collection of essays, God's Decree and Man's Destiny. Studies on the thought of Augustine of Hippo was published in 1987. Church and Faith in the Patristic Tradition: Augustine, Pelagianism, and Early Christian Northumbria was published in 1996.
The Catholic University of America Bonner served as Distinguished Visiting Professor of Early Christian Studies at the Catholic University of America, located in Washington, D.C., from 1990-1994. The university is the only institution of higher education founded by U.S. Catholic bishops.
During this period, he taught courses on Augustine, Bede, and the Desert Fathers. His family moved to America to join him in Washington, D.C., after the first year. At the end of his stay at CUA, he was presented with the Johannes Quasten Prize for leadership and excellence, an award named for a patristic scholar.
Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius
During his time at Durham University, Bonner also worked to support the Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius (founded in 1928), and built connections with prominent Anglican and Orthodox churchmen.
In 1970, when the Fellowship was obliged at short notice to discontinue its annual summer conference at Broadstairs, a coastal town on the Isle of Thanet, he arranged for it to meet in Durham. During the conference, the Orthodox Liturgy of the Dormition was celebrated in the Galilee Chapel of Durham Cathedral, and Bonner delivered a paper on 'The Christian life of the Venerable Bede.'
Because of his work with the Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius, Bonner maintained an association over the years with Eastern Orthodoxy. After his death, his entire patristic book collection was donated to the University of Sofia.
Theological views
He was openly critical of the theological pronouncements of David Jenkins, whose elevation to the See of Durham in 1984 he felt obliged to protest. Jenkins' selection as Bishop of Durham was controversial due to allegations that he held heterodox beliefs, particularly regarding the virgin birth and the bodily resurrection.
On 26 May 1984, an editorial in The Times entitled "A Bishop's Beliefs", discussed the controversy concerning David Jenkins' public pronouncements. In the same issue appeared a letter from Gerald Bonner:
In response, another letter to The Times, 6 June 1984, addressed Bonner's statement. A chaplain of Exeter College disagreed, stating that he would not "disparage Mr. Bonner’s well advertised liberality", the writer wished to remind Bonner "that The Church of England is supported by a wide variety of other people. If he [Bonner] rattles his purse whenever his bishop offends him, he will deserve the hireling he seems to expect."