The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the tourism industry due to the resulting travel restrictions as well as slump in demand among travelers. The tourism industry has been massively affected by the spread of coronavirus, as many countries have introduced travel restrictions in an attempt to contain its spread. The United Nations World Tourism Organization estimated that global international tourist arrivals could have decreased by 58% to 78% in 2020, leading to a potential loss of US$0.9–1.2 trillion in international tourism receipts.

In many of the world's cities, planned travel went down by 80–90%. Conflicting and unilateral travel restrictions occurred regionally and many tourist attractions around the world, such as museums, amusement parks, gyms and sports venues closed down. After March 2020, tourist firms' connectivity has skyrocketed. Restaurants are the most significantly impacted subsectors of tourism, followed by airline firms. UNWTO reported a 65% drop in international tourist arrivals in the first six months of 2020. Air passenger travel showed a similar decline. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development released a report in June 2021 stating that the global economy could lose over US$4 trillion as a result of the pandemic.

Tourism under the pandemic Some people have taken advantage of airlines drastically reducing their fares to travel for leisure despite multiple warnings to remain at home, along with two-week self-quarantine requirements upon arrival or return from travel. A number of college students tested positive for COVID-19 after returning from traditional spring break destinations such as the Florida beaches, South Padre Island, and Cabo San Lucas.

Dubai received global scrutiny for opening tourism too soon, despite a high rate of COVID-positive cases detected in the emirate. At least 300,000 people travelled to and from UAE and the U.K. in the months of November and December 2020. In the early months of the pandemic, the situation was reportedly handled well by the emirate. However, around New Year's Eve tourists and locals were reported to be attending parties without social distancing or face-masks. Accusations that Dubai was acting as a "super-spreader" of the virus, forced authorities of the emirate to close all bars and pubs for a month on 1 February 2021. A 2021 study by Škare, Ribeiro-Soriano, and Porada-Rochon applied a global econometric model to assess the tourism industry's vulnerability to pandemic shocks. They found that COVID-19's effects were not only deeper than previous pandemics like SARS and H1N1, but also exhibited prolonged economic fallout, with a projected GDP decline of up to US$12.8 trillion globally and more than 500 million job losses in the sector if lockdowns persisted throughout 2020.

Effects on tourist behaviour Alongside its economic effects, the pandemic prompted research into how it changed tourists' own attitudes and behaviour. One line of work applied evolutionary psychology, treating the outbreak as a pathogen threat that activates the behavioural immune system, a set of evolved responses that reduce contact with potential sources of infection. On this account the pandemic was expected to heighten in-group favouritism and wariness of outsiders, with consequences for tourism including increased tourism ethnocentrism and tourist xenophobia, reduced willingness to travel to foreign destinations, and reduced comfort in crowded settings.

Tourism and vaccination

Many tourism venues such as museums, visitor centers, restaurants and hotels mandated COVID-19 vaccination for their staff or visitors, and such venues were known as "vaccinated venues". Research has shown that tourists have varying levels of belief on COVID-19 vaccination in terms of its effectiveness and side effects, which have impact on the preferences of tourists to preference to visit or use "vaccinated venues".

Travel restrictions

As a result of the pandemic, many countries and regions have imposed quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions for citizens or recent travellers to the most affected areas. Other countries and regions have imposed global restrictions that apply to all foreign countries and territories, or prevent their own citizens from travelling overseas without good reason.

Together with a decreased willingness to travel, the restrictions have had a negative economic impact on the travel sector in those regions. A possible long-term impact has been a decline of business travel and international conferencing, and the rise of their virtual, online equivalents. Concerns have been raised over the effectiveness of travel restrictions to contain the spread of COVID-19.Rowen, I. (2020). The transformational festival as a subversive toolbox for a transformed tourism: lessons from Burning Man for a Covid-19 world. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 695-702.

By country and continent

Asia

Cambodia Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 65% year-on-year. Angkor Wat, usually crowded with thousands of tourists per day, was left almost deserted, with an average of 22 ticket sales per day for the whole Angkor National Park during April 2020.

Cambodia's tourism industry, which amounted to 4.92 billion US dollars, is currently being hit hardest by the ravaging pandemic. A tourism data showed that Cambodia received a total of 223,400 foreign tourists in March, a decrease of 65 percent over the same month last year. More than 600 hotels nationwide had closed by June, and more than 10,000 tourism sector staff were made unemployed.

China Tourism in China has been hit hard by travel restrictions and fears of contagion, including a ban on both domestic and international tour groups.

Hong Kong Foreign arrivals in February 2020 fell by 96% year-on-year and by 99% year-on-year in March 2020.

Cyprus Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 67% year-on-year.

Singapore Tourism has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, amid social distancing rules since 26 March 2020, including a ban of organised domestic tours and all tourist attractions closed.

India

Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 67% year-on-year.

Indonesia Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 64.11% year-on-year.

Israel Israel closed its borders to international tourists early on in the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the number of international tourists who visited Israel in October 2020 stood at 738,000; compared to the same time period in 2019, when approximately 3.295 million tourists visited Israel. In October 2020, the Israeli tourism industry lost about 12.1₪ billion since January.

Japan Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 94% year-on-year. By mid-April, daily arrivals of foreigners had fallen by nearly 100% year-on-year.

Malaysia On 16 March 2020, the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture announces that several tourist attraction around Malaysia will remain closed until 30 March 2020 which includes tourist information center, National Arts Gallery, craft centers, Lenggong Archaeological Museum, National Archives of Malaysia, memorial centers and National Library of Malaysia.

South Korea In South Korea, Korea Association of Travel Agents asked for government support to offset the industry's ballooning losses from a slew of travel cancellations since the COVID-19 pandemic. South Korea's largest travel agencies, Hana Tour and Mode Tour, either, reporting 10 billion won in damage from cancellations.

Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 95% year-on-year.

Sri Lanka Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 70.8% year-on-year.

Thailand The current outbreak of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Thailand is a crisis for the tourism industry and economy. Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 76% year-on-year, and tourist spending fell 78% year-on-year. With the Thai border closed and most international flights banned since 4 April, both tourist arrivals and spending in April 2020 have fell to zero.

Turkey Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 68% year-on-year.

Vietnam Foreign arrivals in April 2020 fell by 98% year-on-year.

United Arab Emirates Due to coronavirus pandemic, Dubai's passenger traffic went down by 70% in 2020. Surging cases have led the UAE's government to prompt countries to halt flights to the country.

Bahrain In efforts to control the spread of COVID-19, various travel restrictions in Bahrain led the tourism sector to witness losses over BD 1 billion. As stated by Bahrain's Industry, Commerce and Tourism Minister Zayed Alzayani, the country lost nearly BD 108 million per month following plunge of 29,000 visitors per day.

Europe

Bosnia and Herzegovina The number of foreign tourists who visited Bosnia's Federation in March plummeted 79% on the year, to 9,660, the entity's statistical office said.

Foreign tourists spent 19,089 overnights in the Federation in March, down 77% year-on-year, the Federation's statistical office said on Wednesday.

The total number of tourists who visited the Federation in March fell by 75% on the year to 16,186. Total tourist overnights decreased by 73% to 31,881.

Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 79% year-on-year.

Bulgaria Bulgaria banned the entry of foreigners from 15 countries in March 2020 due to the coronavirus epidemic and later expanded this to most countries in the world in April 2020.

Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 44% year-on-year. Travelers from Greece and Serbia on business trips or with family ties, and diplomats, humanitarian and transport workers will be allowed to enter Bulgaria from 1 June without undergoing a 14-day quarantine, said Bulgarian Premier Boyko Borisov.

Croatia Early data indicated that foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 75% year-on-year.

Greece Foreign arrivals fell by 47% year-on-year and tourism revenue fell by 71% year-on-year in March 2020.

Hungary Foreign arrivals fell by 99% year-on-year and domestic tourism fell by 95% year-on-year in April 2020.

Montenegro Montenegro relies on tourism for 25% of its GDP. 2020 saw a 15.3% fall in GDP as a result of the decline in tourism.

Serbia Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 66% year-on-year.

Slovenia Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 78% year-on-year.

Spain Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 64% year-on-year. In May 2021, a report showed that tourism had fallen 76% during the month of March. The numbers showed a plummet of 90% considering the time previous to the pandemic of March 2019 but still higher than registered last February 2021. The government registered the visit of more than 109,000 French citizens but only 18,000 British citizens during March 2021.

Oceania

Australia Tourism bodies have suggested that the total economic cost to the sector, as of 11 February 2020, would be A$4.5 billion. Casino earnings are expected to fall. At least two localities in Australia, Cairns and the Gold Coast, have reported already lost earnings of more than $600 million.

The Australian Tourism Industry Council (ATIC) called on the Government of Australia for financial support especially in light of the large number of small businesses affected.

In March, national travel agency Flight Centre has indefinitely closed 100 stores throughout Australia, due to significantly lower demand for travel. It also suffered a 75% decline in share price, and announced that 6,000 staff would be made redundant or placed on unpaid leave globally.

Fiji Tourism in Fiji has been affected greatly by the global pandemic

North America

Costa Rica Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 51% year-on-year.

Mexico