Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire occurred on a sizeable scale from the 1830s to the 1960s in present-day eastern parts of North Yorkshire but was recorded as far back as Roman times mostly on a small scale and intended for local use. Around the year 1850, large seams of ironstone were discovered in the Cleveland Hills, later also in and around Rosedale and Eskdale. Mining of these seams accelerated an industry around the River Tees's south eastern banks and around the River Tyne, where many new ironworks were built. Settlements around the Tees and Tyne, especially the Cleveland town of Middlesbrough (on the Tees) developed as iron- and steel-processing centres. They received large amounts of ironstone, first by ship and later by railway. The industry experienced a meteoric rise, in the space of twenty years (by 1870), and ironstone from the Cleveland part of Yorkshire was supplying 38% of the steel and iron requirements of Britain.
Ironstone workings in the area declined from the 1930s onwards because imported iron ore could be shipped in vast quantities to the quaysides at Middlesbrough and on the Tyne. The last commercially operated ironstone mine was near Skelton-in-Cleveland. The North Skelton Mine closed in January 1964. Restoration schemes have restored some mine sites and they have been opened to public access. Water draining out of mines has polluted some watercourses in the area.
History Table of output (1857–1880) The list covers all the ironstone mines in the Cleveland Ironstone Formation and as such extends into parts of North Yorkshire that were not traditionally designated as being in Cleveland. The list only covers areas of productive ironstone mining, and so does not include test areas (ie Goldsborough on the North Yorkshire coast where drilling was undertaken for three years from 1912). Ironstone production helped fuel the industrial revolution with smelters and ironworks in Middlesbrough accounting for 33% of iron and steel production in Britain in 1865. By 1870, Britain was supplying about half of all the iron and steel across the world; 38% of that, was made from iron mined in the Cleveland Hills and North Yorkshire. The table below shows the combined production of ironstone from the Cleveland Hills between 1857 and 1880.
+Combined output from the ironstone mines of the Cleveland Hills (1857–1880)YearNo. of minesProductionYearNo. of minesProductionYearNo. of minesProduction185717186520187335185817186619187435185915186717187539186017186815187636186117186916187733186216187017187829186313187121187929186414187231188029
Early history Evidence of iron working in the area dates back as far as the Roman times, with an ironworks at Levisham working iron believed to have been sourced from Rosedale. The iron from the Cleveland seams is known to have been worked in Eskdale prior to 1750. A farm at Danby was marked on mapping as Furnace Farm and had evidence of scoria heaps (slag). Other slag heaps have been found in Glaisdale (that pre-date the Victorian ironworks) and Fryup Dale too. Other workings south of Goathland, known as the Killing Pits also show evidence of having been worked in the post-Medieval period, but before the 19th century industrial extraction of ironstone in the area.
Nodules of ironstone were quarried from the beaches and cliffs between Staithes and Kettleness since the 1830s, but this was at the mercy of the weather and the tides as the ironstone was transported by sea. Most of the ironstone collected on the Yorkshire Coast was shipped to ironworks in, and around, the Newcastle area, using sea and river transport for a large part of its journey. When large-scale mining was introduced, most of the mining areas were connected to the railway network either by their own lines or via a narrow gauge railway which connected to main railway network. A small number used direct sea transportation, but in the end, they closed down or converted to railway operation. The growth of the railway system in North Yorkshire actually led to the discovery of ironstone in the area, when the Whitby and Pickering Railway reached Grosmont in 1835, with shipping of ironstone from Grosmont, via the railway, then ship from Whitby harbour, in 1836.
Quarrying and mining on the Yorkshire coast for alum were commonplace but were dying out in the latter half of the 19th century when it was discovered that alum could be sourced from colliery waste. The boom in the ironstone industry meant that some communities had a new occupational lifeline. The discovery of the Eston ironstone by Henry Bolckow and John Vaughan in 1850 accelerated the industrialisation of the area since the ironstone outcropped quite close to the surface and could be recovered more easily than on the coast, which was dependent on the tides, and from the mines further south, which had to go to greater depths to recover the stone. In August 1850, the find of stone was proved, and by December of the same year the first shipment of ironstone, , was taken over a newly built tramway from Eston into Middlesbrough. The Rosedale mines developed in the 1860s and were connected via a railway that ran across the moors and down a steep incline near Ingleby Greenhow, which then joined the main railway network at what would become railway station. The ore at Rosedale was roasted with coal (calcined) to remove impurities and lessen the overall weight of the ore so that the transport costs were cheaper, as the companies had to pay the landowners per tonne of ore transported over the railway.
Peak production Production across the region as whole peaked in 1883, when of ore were processed. After that, tonnages declined steadily. In 1936, the contribution to UK steel production from the north east was 27.3%, but by this time much of the ore was being imported. Apart from a dip in 1922, the smelters on Teesside first started using a greater proportion of imported ore over that mined locally in 1936.
+Iron ore use in iron and steelworks on South TeessideYearCleveland oreImported oreTotalPercentage ratio19135,940,9632,257,5768,198,53972.46 / 27.5419184,544,1351,507,7956,051,93075.09 / 24.9119221,169,7001,537,1442,706,84443.21 / 66.7919252,284,1861,468,5603,752,74660.87 / 39.1319282,272,1241,362,2733,634,39762.52 / 37.4819311,493,916765,2052,259,12166.13 / 33.8719331,012,700817,9561,830,65655.32 / 44.6819341,641,9211,504,1113,146,03252.19 / 47.8119351,640,0901,517,9513,158,04151.93 / 48.0719361,800,0002,034,3053,834,30546.94 / 53.06
Production of ironstone in the area declined as opencast and quarried ironstone from other UK locations became prevalent owing to it being cheaper to quarry than mining. For example, the ironstone workings in Northamptonshire were all surface operations, therefore could be mechanised more easily without the need for timber props nor the time and labour required to install the timbers. This meant that by the interwar years, Northamptonshire iron ore was five shillings per tonne cheaper to transport than Cleveland ore. In addition the global recession in the early 1920s led to a drop in the price of iron. Closures were further exacerbated by imported iron ore. The last industrial operation of mining ore in the area was at North Skelton, which ended in January 1964.
Occurrence
Apportioning strict geography to the area is different according to various sources; most agree, however, that the Cleveland Hills (or the Cleveland District) are tied in with the occurrence of the ironstone in whatever seam and thus it extends from the Tees at Middlesbrough in the north to the Vale of Pickering in the south. The North Sea coast provides the eastern limit, whilst the Scugdale Valley down through Felixkirk to Thirsk is seen as the western border.
Mining of ironstone can be grouped into three distinct localities: Cleveland mines which worked the main Cleveland seam, the Rosedale mines, which worked the Dogger seam and those grouped around Grosmont and the Esk Valley which worked the Avicula and Pecten seams. The exceptions to this rule are those on the coast south of Boulby (particularly Port Mulgrave) which worked the Dogger seam, and several localities that worked the Two-Foot Seam. Those mining concerns in the eastern part of Cleveland, entered around Brotton and Loftus, worked the ironstone band where it dipped in a depression, and so were the ones most likely to need shaft and deep mining experience. North Skelton was the deepest at , followed by Kilton at , and Lingdale at .
Both the Avicula and Pecten seams were named after a type of fossil found in the stone, avicula cygnipes (swan) and pecten (scallop) respectively. However some stone was quarried/mined even further south than the Murk Esk valley: at Kirby Knowle, near Thirsk, workings in the Dogger Seam were explored in the 19th century, where the ironstone is known to be thick. It was estimated that the occurrence of ironstone underneath Cleveland and North Yorkshire extended for . The various seams had different names in places, sometimes on account of their geology, others owing to a confusion of which seam was being mined; the Avicula seam was also known as the Low Seam owing to its position and the Pecten seam was sometimes called the Shelly Seam owing to the abundance of shells within it.
Methods of recovering ironstone varied with location: most of the early mines centred around Grosmont used a system known as the double-stall and others used the longwall method, whereas most mines and drifts winning stone from the Main Seam used the pillar and bord way of mining.
Mines +