Francis Mowbray or Moubray (died 1603) was a Scottish intriguer.
Career Francis Mowbray was a son of John Mowbray, Laird of Barnbougle Castle and Elspeth or Elizabeth Kirkcaldy, daughter of James Kirkcaldy.
His sisters, or half-sisters, Barbara Mowbray and Gillis Mowbray were servants of Mary, Queen of Scots in England. Barbara married the queen's secretary Gilbert Curle and lived in the Spanish Netherlands.John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. xxx. Gillis Mowbray is associated with the jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots. Another sister, Agnes Mowbray (died 1595), married Robert Crichton of Eliok.Will of Agnes Mowbray (d. 1595), sister of Geillis Mowbray, National Records of Scotland
He met Francis Walsingham in December 1580. Some intercepted letters sent to the French ambassador Michel de Castelnau showed that he wished to serve Elizabeth I.William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1574-1581, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 546 no. 632, 562 no. 637. Francis was probably the son of Laird of Barnbougle who carried letters between Mr Archibald Douglas and his nephew Richard Douglas in 1587.Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 2 (London, 1791), p. 359.
He spent some time at the court of Isabella Clara Eugenia in Brussels.Robert Pitcairn, Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland, 2:2 (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 405.
In July 1592 the English ambassador Robert Bowes reported that Mowbray had brought letters to Scotland from Spain. He told Bowes that he been in a Spanish prison on suspicion of spying and preventing an attack on English shipping. Archibald Douglas had given him money. Mowbray told him of plans to send Spanish gold to Scotland to finance rebellion. Bowes doubted the stories of elusive Spanish gold, having heard that Philip II was not interested. Bowes recommended Mowbray to William Cecil as someone who could do some service for England as he was sent abroad on the affairs of Catholics, but he wanted more money than he had previously received.Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 726-7, 742, 748.
On 14 April 1596 he wounded William Schaw, the royal master of work, with a rapier, apparently in a family feud.Jamie Reid Baxter, 'John Burel', L. A. J. R. Houwen, Alasdair A. MacDonald, Sally Mapstone, A Palace in the Wild: Essays on Vernacular Culture and Humanism in Late-medieval and Renaissance Scotland (Peeters, 2000). He spent some time with Walter Scott of Buccleuch, though denounced at the horn as a rebel.Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1595-1597, vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), pp. 293, 301. He told Robert Bowes about a league or contract between some border lairds against the Octavians. Mowbray was known to be an agent for the Earl of Huntly and Lord Sanquhar. In December 1596 he took the author of a newsletter sent to James Hudson to "a tailor's house in the Cowgate" to meet Huntly, Sir George Home and Sir Robert Melville.Thomas Birch, Memorials of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 2 (London, 1754), pp. 206-7, 230.
In August 1601 he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle and interrogated by the Lord Chancellor and Sir George Home about a letter in cipher code and whether he had any secret dealings with Sir Robert Cecil. Mowbray declared his loyalty to James VI and denied knowledge of the coded letter.John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 857-8. Cecil wrote to the Master of Gray in October that Mowbray was not in his employ, he had heard that Mowbray had been tortured with the boot, a device for crushing the leg.Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 881. On 5 October it was agreed that Mowbray and his servant George Brock would go to Rossend Castle in the custody of Sir Robert Melville and then leave Scotland.David Masson, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1884), p. 700.
Roger Aston wrote that Mowbray was free in November and waiting at Prestonpans for a ship to England.Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 897. Mowbray wrote to Cecil from Edinburgh complaining about the Scottish merchant and poet John Burrell in London who ridiculed him in verse and now had a sonnet against him published. Mowbray enclosed a copy of the poem and wanted the poet put in prison.Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 807-8: Jamie Reid Baxter, 'John Burel', L. A. J. R. Houwen, Alasdair A. MacDonald, Sally Mapstone, A Palace in the Wild: Essays on Vernacular Culture and Humanism in Late-medieval and Renaissance Scotland (Peeters, 2000), pp. 201-2.
Mowbray and Archdeacon In October 1602, in England, an Italian called Daniel Archdeacon accused him of treason against James VI of Scotland. Archdeacon was from Piedmont and used to teach Italian and fencing to young gentlemen in London. He had hoped to come Scotland, with the recommendation of the Laird of Wemyss and teach Prince Henry.Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:2 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 1004, 1057. His acquaintance included Thomas Leedes of Wappingthorne, who he had lent £30.HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 12 (Hereford, 1910), p. 176.
Both men were sent to Edinburgh, and it was decided that, for this accusation of treason, they would fight a duel or combat at Holyrood Palace in January 1603. James VI bought swords and daggers for the combatants from an Edinburgh armourer William Vaus, and ordered the master carpenter James Murray to construct a barrier, or stage for the fight, outside Holyrood Palace.Letters to King James the Sixth from the Queen, Prince Henry, Prince Charles (Edinburgh, 1835), p. lxxxiv. This plan was abandoned after a message came from England that Mowbray's treason could be proved.
The English letter writer John Chamberlain described Daniel Archdeacon as "a little pigmee Italian fencer", "the dwarfe Daniell" and a "little dandelot". He heard an incorrect rumour that they fought the judicial combat and both died.Sarah Williams, Letters of John Chamberlain (London, 1861), pp. 157, 164
Mowbray and Archdeacon were imprisoned or "warded" in Edinburgh Castle. Witnesses against him, Scottish men from London, were interviewed by the king. These included Walter Mowbray and John Anderson, who had been bankrupted and were not considered reliable.Robert Pitcairn, Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland, 2:2 (Edinburgh, 1833), pp. 405-9. A French diplomat, the Baron de Tour interviewed Archdeacon, and found him to be both "a witty man and a cunning corrupted person." De Tour took the idea of plot seriously, and advised James VI that Mowbray should be tortured, rather than fight a duel with the Italian.Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:2 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 1077-8, 1084.
Mowbray was questioned on 12 December 1602 and a lengthy statement was drawn up. It notes that he was uncle to the laird of Barnbougle. He said he met Archdeacon because they both served the Earl of Argyll. Archdeacon had asked him about becoming a fencing and languages teacher to Prince Henry. He thought of going to Spain and taking Archdeacon with him. Mowbray explained his disappointment that his nephew's ward and marriage had passed from William Schaw to Laird of Easter Wemyss, but claimed not to have spoken against the king because of it, or to have criticised James VI for his reaction to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. Archdeacon had told them he had used a metaphor of sarks (shirts), coats, and skins about the king and his mother, which Mowbray denied.Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, 13:2 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 1072-4.
On 30 January Mowbray escaped from Edinburgh Castle using a rope made from blankets but fell down the castle craigs injuring his head, either because the makeshift rope was too short, or because the castle guard saw him climbing down and shook him off the rope. He died the next day. On the king's orders his body was hanged, drawn and quartered, and his body was displayed on the four ports or gates of Edinburgh.John Graham Dalyell, 'Diarey of Robert Birrel', p. 57: Robert Pitcairn, Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland, 2:2 (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 408.
King James wrote that Mowbray "was to all appearance seduced by Satan, who was the first motioner of these his devilish enterprises".Robert Pitcairn, Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland, 2:2 (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 407.
King James gave Archdeacon a gold medallion in March 1606.John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 1 (London, 1828), p. 603.
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