Ampedus is a genus of click beetles in the family Elateridae. There are currently 461 recognized species of Ampedus beetles. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, but is found mostly in the Holarctic region, primarily in North America, Europe, and Asia. The oldest known fossil from this genus was found in Eocene Baltic amber, estimated to be from 38.0 to 33.9 million years ago.
Natural history
Life cycle Ampedus larvae burrow in rotting wood, pupating in mid-summer. The larvae feed on wood, with a preference for wood in more advanced stages of decay, and are also observed to be cannibalistic on other saproxylic larvae. They emerge as adults a few weeks later, but remain in the pupal cell through the following winter. Adult Ampedus beetles are thought to be diurnal. As adults, they are pollen-feeders, found in large numbers on flowers and vegetation. Ampedus females attract males for mating through chemical communication, using specialized pheromone glands, and lay their eggs in fallen wood to develop. Life cycle duration has been estimated to range from less than one year for smaller species, to up to 4–5 years for larger ones.Ramberg, Frank Baker. 1979. A Revision of the Species of the Genus Ampedus (Coleoptera, Elateridae) of America North of Mexico. Doctoral Thesis. Cornell University
Habitat Ampedus beetles are primarily found in temperate forests, with a preference for higher altitudes. They are generalists, with a single species often found in both hardwood and softwood, and on multiple different tree species. In North America, they are most commonly collected from deciduous forests in the East and from coniferous forests in the West.
Description North American species of Ampedus beetles vary in size from 3-4mm, up to 13-14mm. Their coloration is variable, even within species, but they are often bicolored. They can be identified by their complete, downturned, rounded frontal carina, and excavated prosternal sutures. Like the larvae of other Elaterids (wireworms), Ampedus larvae are elongate, hard, and subcyclindrical. The ninth abdominal segment, which varies in shape between elaterid larvae, is rounded in this genus, ending in a sharp point. Ampedus larvae have pointed nasales, featuring a single tooth.
Taxonomy The genus was originally named by the French entomologist Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean in 1833, previously Elater. One taxonomic study of the genera within the tribe Ampedini, which used nuclear and mitochondrial data, found monophyly of Ampedus to be highly supported. Another molecular study using DNA barcoding data found Ampedus to be paraphyletic, with the genus Reitterelator nested within it. Megapenthes is the most closely related North American genus to Ampedus.
Conservation status According to the IUCN Red List, multiple species of European Ampedus beetles are considered endangered, mostly due to the threats posed by logging and wood harvesting to saproxylic beetles. They are also negatively impacted by salvage logging, the practice of removing wind-thrown trees after storms and other natural disturbances.
Species
Ampedus aethiops (Lacordaire, 1835) Ampedus amamiensis Ôhira, 1968 Ampedus anthracinus (LeConte, 1869) Ampedus apicalis (Reitter, 1889) Ampedus apicatus (Say, 1834) Ampedus areolatus (Say, 1823) Ampedus aritai Ohira & SatO, 1964 Ampedus assingi Schimmel, 1996 Ampedus atripennis (Horn, 1871) Ampedus azurescens (Candeze, 1865) Ampedus balcanicus Dolin, 1983 Ampedus balteatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ampedus behrensi (Horn, 1871) Ampedus brevis (Van Dyke, 1932) Ampedus callegarii Platia & Gudenzi, 2000 Ampedus canalicollis (Lewis, 1894) Ampedus canaliculatus (Reitter, 1918) Ampedus carbonicolor (Eschscholtz, 1829) Ampedus carbunculus (Lewis, 1879) Ampedus cardinalis (Schiödte, 1865) Ampedus carinthiacus Bouwer, 1984 Ampedus cinnaberinus (Eschscholtz, 1829) Ampedus coenobita (Costa, 1881) Ampedus collaris (Say, 1825) Ampedus cordifer (LeConte, 1859) Ampedus fastus (LeConte, 1884) Ampedus forticornis (Schwarz, 1900) Ampedus francolinus Bouwer, 1984 Ampedus fuentei Sanchez-Ruiz, 1996 Ampedus fuscatus (Melsheimer, 1846) Ampedus glycereus (Herbst, 1784) Ampedus hispanicus Platia & Gudenzi, 1999 Ampedus hypogastricus (Candèze,1873) Ampedus impressicollis Bouwer, 1984 Ampedus japonicus Silfverberg, 1977 Ampedus karneri Schimmel, 1996 Ampedus koschwitzi Schimmel, 1990 Ampedus laesus (LeConte, 1853) Ampedus linteus (Say, 1839) Ampedus luctuosus (LeConte, 1853) Ampedus macedonicus Schimmel, 1996 Ampedus magistrettii Platia & Schimmel, 1988 Ampedus mannerheimi Suzuki, 2013 Ampedus melanotoides Brown, 1933 Ampedus melsheimeri (Leng, 1918) Ampedus militaris (Harris, 1836) Ampedus minos Wurst, 1997 Ampedus mixtus (Herbst, 1806) Ampedus moerens (LeConte, 1861) Ampedus nigricans Germar, 1844 Ampedus nigricollis (Herbst, 1806) Ampedus nigrinus (Herbst, 1784) Ampedus nigroflavus (Goeze, 1777) Ampedus occidentalis Lane, 1971 Ampedus ochrinulus (Reitter, 1887) Ampedus ochropterus Germar, 1844 Ampedus ogatai Kishii, 1983 Ampedus optabilis (Lewis, 1894) Ampedus oregonus (Schaeffer, 1916) Ampedus orientalis (Lewis, 1894) Ampedus patricius (Gurjeva, 1957) Ampedus pauxillus (Lewis, 1894) Ampedus phelpsii (Horn 1874) Ampedus phoenicopterus Germar, 1844 Ampedus pomonae (Stephens, 1830) Ampedus pomorum (Herbst, 1784) Ampedus pooti Wurst, 1995 Ampedus praeustus (Fabricius, 1792) Ampedus pulcher (Baudi, 1871) Ampedus pullus Germar, 1844 Ampedus puniceus (Lewis, 1879) Ampedus pusio Germar, 1844 Ampedus pyrenaeus Zeising, 1981 Ampedus quadrisignatus (Gyllenhal, 1817) Ampedus quebecensis Brown, 1933 Ampedus rhodopus (LeConte, 1857) Ampedus rubricollis (Herbst, 1806) Ampedus rubricus (Say, 1825) Ampedus rugosus Schimmel, 1982 Ampedus sanguineus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ampedus sanguinipennis (Say, 1823) Ampedus sanguinolentus (Schrank, 1776) Ampedus sayi (LeConte, 1853) Ampedus sellatus (Leng, 1918) Ampedus semicinctus (Randall, 1838) Ampedus sinuatus Germar, 1844 Ampedus soboensis Ohira, 1963 Ampedus subcostatus (Kolbe, 1886) Ampedus talamellii Platia & Gudenzi, 2000 Ampedus tamba Kishii, 1976 Ampedus tenuistriatus (Lewis, 1894) Ampedus tokugoensis W. Suzuki, 1985 Ampedus tristis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ampedus vandalitae Lohse, 1976 Ampedus varipilis (Van Dyke, 1932) Ampedus vitiosus (LeConte, 1853) Ampedus xanthomus Germar, 1844 Ampedus ziegleri Zeising & Sieg, 1983 † Ampedus seyfriedii Heer, 1847
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