Vincent Hayward (* January 5, 1955 in Paris; † May 10, 2023) was a scientist and engineer. His research focus was on touch and haptics. He was a professor at Sorbonne University, Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics (ISIR), where since 2008 he led a team dedicated to the study of tactile perception and the development of haptic devices. In 2020, he was elected to the French Academy of sciences.
Biography Vincent Hayward was a professor at Sorbonne Université in Paris. Before, he was with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University, Montréal, Canada, where he became a full professor in 2006 and was Director of the McGill Centre for Intelligent Machines from 2001 to 2004. In 2008, he became an elected Fellow of the IEEE. During 2017 and 2018, Vincent Hayward was Professor of Tactile Perception and Technology at the School of Advanced Study of the University of London, supported by a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship, following a six-year period as an advanced ERC grantee at Sorbonne Université. He contributed to the development of a start-up company in Paris, Actronika SAS, dedicated to lowering the accessibility barrier of haptic technology.
Training and career
1975-78 École Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France 1978-81 Doctoral Thesis, University of Paris XI, Orsay, France 1981-83 Visiting Scholar-Visiting Assistant Professor, Purdue University, School of Electrical Engineering, Indiana, USA 1983-85 Attaché then Research Officer at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) 1989-06 Assistant then Associate Professor (tenured '94), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Qc Canada 2001-04 Director, Center for Intelligent Machines, McGill University, Montreal, Qc Canada 2006-10 Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Qc Canada 2008-16 Professor (on secondment in 2017 and 18) Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics, Sorbonne University 2017-18 Professor of Tactile Perception and Technologies, School of Advanced Study, University of London 2017- Scientific Advisor, Actronika SAS, Paris (part-time) 2019-23 Professor, Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics, Sorbonne University (part-time)
Main works Vincent Hayward came to be fascinated by the sense of touch in 1991 while engaged in the design of a “force feedback” device intended to facilitate access to computers for visually impaired people. Computers interfaces were at this time transitioning from line commands to graphical/mouse interfaces. It was a disaster for visually handicapped people because they were suddenly denied access to many professions related to the use of computers. The system he conceived transformed graphical representations into haptic representations, that is, representations accessible through movements and touch. Vincent Hayward observed that blind users of the system expressed their sensations spontaneously using three-dimensional terminology, such as being guided by a “trough” or to “fall into an icon”. The forces produced by the device, however, only existed in two dimensions, which led him to conclude that haptic sensations could not be explained by simple correspondences between the mechanical signals and sensations.
Towards the year 2000, having mastered the realisation of electromechanical devices and their control, Vincent Hayward turned his full attention to the study of the sense of touch in humans, guided by the adoption of an empirical approach, the results of which he tried to generalise abstractly. His first important scientific result in the field of touch was simply the scientific proof of the observation he made about the graphical-haptic conversion system.Robles De La Torre, G., Hayward, V., « Force Can Overcome Object Geometry in the Perception of Shape Through Active Touch », Nature, 2001, 412, p. 445–448 This results important from a theoretical point of view because it demonstrates that touch takes into account internal data generated by the nervous system to achieve a conscious tactile sensation. Later, he replicated this phenomenon using several methods, for example by anaesthetic removal of skin sensations, in order to highlight an efferent copy mechanism.Smith, A. M., Chapman, C. E., Donati, F., Fortier-Poisson, P., & Hayward, V., « Perception of Simulated Local Shapes Using Active and Passive Touch », Journal of Neurophysiology, 2009, 102, p. 3519–3529 By other methods, including those resulting from his inventing high-resolution stimulation of the glabrous skin by lateral traction,Hayward, V., & Cruz-Hernandez, M., « Tactile display device using distributed lateral skin stretch », Proceedings of the haptic interfaces for virtual environment and teleoperator systems symposium. New York: ASME., (2000), vol. 69, no. 2, p. 1309-1314 he discovered a series of phenomena that can be related to various invariants of physical or physiological origin.Dostmohamed, H., Hayward, V., « Trajectory of Contact Region On the Fingerpad Gives the Illusion of Haptic Shape », Experimental Brain Research, 2005, 164(3), p. 387–394Carter, O., Konkle, T., Wang, Q., Hayward, V., Moore, C. I., « Tactile Rivalry Demonstrated with an Ambiguous Apparent- Motion Quartet », Current Biology, 2008, 18(14), p. 1050–1054Wijntjes, M. W. A., Sato, A., Hayward, V. Kappers, A. M. L., « Local Surface Orientation Dominates During Haptic Curvature Discrimination », IEEE Transactions on Haptics, 2009, 2(2), p. 94–102Ziat, M., Hayward, V., Chapman, C. E., Ernst, M. O., and Lenay, C., « Tactile Suppression of Displacement », Experimental Brain Research, 2010, 206(3), p. 299–310Moscatelli, A., Hayward, V., Wexler, M., Ernst, M.O. «Illusory Tactile Motion Perception: An Analog of the Visual Filehne Illusion ». Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 28;5:14584. doi: 10.1038/srep14584. PMID 26412592; PMCID: PMC4585937.Terekhov, A. V., Hayward, V., « The Brain Uses Extra-Somatic Information To Estimate Limb Displacement », Proceedings of the Royal Society, 2015, b, 282(1814), p. 20151661Moscatelli, A., Bianchi, M., Serio, A., Terekhov, A., Hayward, V., Ernst, M.O., Bicchi, A., « The Change In Fingertip Contact Area As A Novel Proprioceptive Cue », Current Biology, 2016, 26(9), p. 1159–1163Bochereau, S., Sinclair, S., and Hayward, V., « Perceptual Constancy in the Reproduction of Virtual Tactile Textures With Surface Displays », ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 2018, 15(2), p.10
These results are also important from a practical point of view when we consider that sensory data transmission devices (graphic screens, loudspeakers, virtual reality devices) all rely, implicitly or deliberately, on a knowledge of human perceptual behavior. Realizing the potential of these discoveries, in 1995 Vincent Hayward co-founded Haptic Technologies Inc., whose model was to leverage this knowledge to simplify hardware for interacting with computer-aided design software (CAD). In five years, this company had attracted several million investment to be sold in 2000 to Immersion Corp. for $7 million and becoming Immersion Canada Inc., the R&D division of Immersion Corp which is valued today at nearly half a billion dollars. This company was not the only ones interested in his work. The “virtual buttons”, which can be found on some smartphones, is an example of a direct application, and Vincent Hayward was employed as a consultant by Apple in 2013.
These results are closely related to the notion of “predictive coding” actively studied in the neuroscience of perception and in machine learning theory to answer questions of computational efficiency.
These observations raise the question of the determination of the process by which an organism, or a robot, learns during its development the invariants which lead to a stable perception of the mechanical world since the notion of adaptation to “natural statistics” is not, in itself, sufficient to explain such development. Thus Vincent Hayward began to investigate more carefully the mechanical phenomena that take place during tactile interactions because they could prove to be an important source of invariants (which in turn form the basis of generative models). The first result in touch mechanics revealed that the skin possesses several viscoelastic time constants which gives it rich dynamic properties.Wang, Q., Hayward, V., « In Vivo Biomechanics of the Fingerpad Skin Under Local Tangential Traction », Journal of Biomechanics, 2007, 40(4), p. 851–860 Another result showed that the fingers have a very low mechanical impedance regardless of the load to which they are subjected.Wiertlewski, M., Hayward, V., « Mechanical Behavior of the Fingertip in the Range of Frequencies and Displacements Relevant to Touch », Journal of Biomechanics, 2012, 45(11), p. 1869–1874 But it is the field of tribology that has provided the most surprising results by clearly showing the dominant role of water, which by interacting with the keratin layer of the skin, gives rise to a wide variety of phenomena that could explain the extraordinary performance of the touch for the identification and discrimination of materials.André, T., Lévesque, V ., Hayward, V., Lefèvre, P., and Thonnard, J.-L., « Effect Of Skin Hydration On The Dynamics Of Fingertip Gripping Contact », Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 2011, 8(64), p. 1574–1583Terekhov, A.V., Hayward, V., « Minimal Adhesion Surfaces In Tangentially Loaded Digital Contacts », Journal of Biomechanics, 2011, 44(13), p. 2508–2510Gueorguiev, D., Bochereau, S., Mouraux, A., Hayward, V.and Thonnard, J-L., « Touch Uses Frictional Cues To Discriminate Optically Flat Materials », Scientific Reports, 2016, 6, p. 25553Dzidek, B., Bochereau, S., Johnson, S. A., Hayward, V., and Adams, M. J., « Why Pens Have Rubbery Grips », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017, 114(41), p. 10864–10869Bochereau, S., Dzidek, B., Adams, J. M., and Hayward, V., « Characterizing and imaging gross and real finger contacts under dynamic loading », IEEE Transactions on Haptics, 2017, 10(4), p. 456–465