66th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, was an air defence unit of the British Army formed in Northern Ireland during World War II. It served in the Belfast Blitz and then defended 'Hellfire Corner' in East Kent. Later it participated in the Allied invasion of Sicily and the campaign in mainland Italy. Late in the war it was converted into a transport unit that saw active service in the Greek Civil War.
Organisation 102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, was forming in Antrim, Northern Ireland, just as World War II broke out in September 1939. Originally raised as part of the Territorial Army, it was immediately embodied for service. It consisted of three heavy anti-aircraft (HAA) batteries and was joined by two light anti-aircraft (LAA) batteries, 175 and 176, which were formed and regimented on 10 September 1939. The new regiment formed part of 3 AA Brigade defending Northern Ireland in 3rd AA Division.Frederick, pp. 757–8, 781, 802.AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.Routledge, Table LX, p. 378.
On 1 June 1940 those AA regiments equipped with 3-inch or heavier guns were termed Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA); this included 102nd AA Regiment, despite its hybrid HAA/LAA organisation. However, 175 and 176 LAA Batteries left the regiment on 1 December 1940 to form a separate 66th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery at Belfast.Farndale, Annex M.Frederick, pp. 803–4, 830.66 LAA Rgt War Diary, 1940–41, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 166/2739.
The new regiment was under the command of Major Charles Hezlet, a prominent golfer who had been commissioned into the Antrim Royal Garrison Artillery (Special Reserve) before World War ILondon Gazette, 21 February 1911. and won a DSO while commanding a siege battery in 1918.London Gazette, 22 February 1918.London Gazette, 18 July 1918.London Gazette 20 April 1920. He had been re-commissioned on the outbreak of World War II London Gazette, 3 November 1939. and was now promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was established in Derryvolgie Avenue, Belfast.
The regiment had a few obsolescent 3-inch guns used in the LAA role, otherwise it was equipped with Lewis guns. On formation it was provided with a number of Z Battery 3-inch unguided rocket projectors and in January 1941 the first 12 Bofors 40 mm guns arrived, together with 146 Z Battery who landed at Larne to man the rocket projectors at Belfast and Portaferry.
A second LAA regiment now arrived in Belfast to join 3 AA Bde: 64th LAA Rgt, which had been formed the previous November at Watchet AA Practice Camp in Somerset with three batteries, 194, 195 and 196. On 28 March 1941 the D Troops of each of these batteries was detached and combined to form a new 251 LAA Battery for 66th LAA Rgt: D/194 Trp became A/251 Trp D/195 Trp became B/251 Trp D/196 Trp became C/251 Trp D/251 Trp was newly formed in Northern Ireland
At the end of the month 176 LAA Bty concentrated a troop of four Bofors guns to defend Larne Harbour.
Belfast Blitz AA Command rapidly expanded during the Battle of Britain and the following Luftwaffe night campaign against UK cities known as the Blitz. Five new AA divisions were created on 1 November 1940, including 12th AA Division, which was formed by separating responsibility for Northern Ireland and the industrial areas of Western Scotland from 3rd AA Division. 3 AA Brigade came under the command of this new formation.Routledge, p. 394; Map 34.Pile's despatch.
Although its shipyards made Belfast an important target, the city did not receive a major bombing raid until nearly the end of the Blitz. All the LAA batteries around the city were in action on 8 April. Then on the nights of 14/16 April and 4/5 May there were severe raids on the city (the Belfast Blitz) causing widespread damage and loss of life. There was considerable damage at Woodvale Camp on 14/16 April, and the men of 146 Z Bty had to be accommodated at Clonaver Camp. During the prolonged May raid the LAA guns fired fixed barrages under the control of the Gun Operations Room (GOR). On this occasion the regiment suffered a direct hit on a Lewis gun position with the death of three men, and considerable damage to 175 LAA Bty's HQ at Clonaver Camp.Collier, Chapter 17.Collier, Appendix XXX.Collier, Appendix XXXI. After May 1941, there were only rare incursions by the Luftwaffe, though the strength of Northern Ireland's AA defences steadily increased.Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/79.
66th LAA Regiment shuffled its positions in the summer of 1941, with RHQ taking over 176th LAA Bty's HQ at Tyrone House in Malone Road, Belfast, while 251 LAA Bty's HQ moved into Derryvolgie Avenue from Portaferry, and then went to Tullycleagh House at Ballinamallard in the south-west of the province, commanding gunsites around Lough Erne. In September 176th LAA Bty moved to St Columb's House, Derry. The regiment also had guns stationed at RAF Aldergrove. The regiment supplied a cadre of experienced officers and men to provide the basis for a new 276 LAA Bty formed by 234th LAA Training Rgt at Carlisle on 12 June 1941. Once it had completed its training, 276 LAA Bty joined 66th LAA Rgt on 19 September to replace 251 LAA Bty, which transferred to the command of 84th LAA Rgt forming in Glasgow.Frederick, p. 834.
In the autumn of 1941 the regiment was able to send detachments to practice camps for live firing, and new Bofors guns and Kerrison PredictorsRoutledge, pp. 53–4. were arriving. A large draft of 147 reinforcements arrived at Belfast from the training regiments in October and a regimental school was set up to complete their training; personnel of 146 Z Bty helped man the operational sites while the instructors were absent. In mid-October the regiment was deployed as follows: 175 LAA Bty: Lough Erne – 16 x Bofors 176 LAA Bty: Derry and Lisahally – 12 x Bofors Limavady – 2 x Bofors Aldergrove – 4 x Bofors 276 LAA Bty: Belfast – 2 x Bofors, 4 x 3-inch Naval guns Larne – 2 x Bofors, 6 x Lewis (used as training sites for the reinforcement draft)
Mobile training On 24 December 1941 66th LAA Rgt was rostered for overseas service and the batteries began intensive mobile training with infantry units, handing over some of the gunsites to 201 LAA Rgt of 84th LAA Rgt. The reinforcement draft was absorbed and then all the men of lower medical categories were posted to the D Trp of each battery, which were then detached to form a new 459 LAA Bty on 19 February 1942. This battery would remain in AA Command when the regiment went overseas. A draft of 160 drivers and motor mechanics also arrived.66 LAA Rgt War Diary, 1942, TNA file WO 166/7655.Frederick, pp. 807, 842.
On 20 April 1942 the regiment with its three mobile batteries handed over to 81st LAA Rgt and embarked at Larne to travel to the AA Mobile Training Centre at Gillingham, Kent, while 459 LAA Bty went to Epping, Essex. The regiment completed its training at Gillingham in May and as was normal practice was loaned back to AA Command until its next training period. It came under the command of 56 AA Bde, shortly afterwards transferring 71 AA Bde, and was deployed to Vulnerable Points (VPs) in East Kent:Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/81.
RHQ at Upton House, Shepherdswell, Dover, later at Quarry Down, Hythe BHQ 175 LAA Bty at The Vicarage, Womenswold Dunkirk Radar Station Dover Coast Defences RAF Lympne (4 guns) BHQ 176 LAA Bty at The Old Rectory, Betteshanger Dover Radar Station Dover Harbour BHQ 276 LAA Bty at Hill House, Minster RAF Manston Ramsgate Harbour BHQ 459 LAA Bty at Rye, East Sussex Rye Harbour Rye Radar Station RAF Lympne (4 guns) 69 LAA Bty, 4th LAA Rgt, Royal Canadian Artillery (attached) Chislit Colliery Betteshanger Colliery Tilmanstone Colliery
This was a period of 'hit and run' raids by Luftwaffe fighter-bombers against coastal targets and the LAA guns were in regular action. Dover was under occasional shelling from German long-range guns, which had gained the area the nickname of 'Hellfire Corner'; the regiment suffered some damage from these.Collier, Chapter XX.Farndale, pp. 96–7.Routledge, pp. 401–5. Lt-Col Hezlet handed over command to Lt-Col E.S. Law during May, and 459 LAA Bty left on 14 July to join a newly-formed 140th LAA Rgt.
On 15 September 1942 the regiment handed over all its operational commitments and underwent a period of battle training. It then returned to AA Command for a few weeks dispersed across Hampshire and along the Sussex coast (where C Trp of 176 Bty at Littlehampton claimed a hit on a raider). At the end of October the regiment received its attached workshop section of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (later renamed Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers or REME) and moved to a mobilisation centre at Easthampstead Park Camp where it took over its full complement of guns (18 x Bofors per battery) and vehicles. On 16 November Lt-Col P.A. Grandage took command of the regiment, which attended an LAA practice camp at Stiffkey in Norfolk. 66th LAA Regiment completed its mobilisation on 31 December. It then moved to Scotland to take part in various training exercises. On 18 February 1943 it received a warning order for a move to a tropical climate.66 LAA Rgt War Diary January–February 1943, TNA file WO 166/11701.
Sicily
The regiment's personnel embarked aboard HM Transport F10 on 13 March 1943 and arrived at Port Tewfik in Egypt on 6 May. It was issued with 36 US-pattern Bofors guns and a few vehicles, and attended a practice camp near Alexandria. It now came under the command of 2 AA Bde, which was assigned a role in the planned Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). First, in early June the guns and equipment were shipped to Haifa in Palestine and Beirut in Lebanon, then the personnel entrained for Suez, where on 30 June 175 and 176 LAA Btys boarded HM Transports Empire Trooper and Duchess of Bedford, while the main body (RHQ, REME, Royal Signals and 276 LAA Bty) boarded the Orbita. These transports steamed up the Suez Canal to Alexandria, where the men were given four days ashore before re-embarking and joining the convoy to Sicily, which included the transports from Haifa and Lebanon.66 LAA Rgt War Diary March–December 1943, TNA file WO 169/10002.Molony, Vol V, p. 26.
The regiment watched the bombardment of Syracuse from its transports on D Day (10 July) and a reconnaissance party landed at the town after its capture next day. The regiment began landing on 13 July, when 176 LAA Bty immediately deployed 12 guns to defend the port; these were in action that night. Further guns were landed and deployed on 14 July, in time for the regiment to fire about 3000 rounds each night against heavy air raids on 14/15 and 15/16 July. By the end of 16 July the whole regiment was ashore and setting up defensive barrages in conjunction with the AA Defence Commander (AADC) and AA Operations Room (AAOR). That night another 10,000 rounds were fired against aircraft dropping Parachute mines in the harbour. Enemy air activity over Syracuse declined somewhat as Eighth Army pressed north and captured Augusta, though one attack on 24/25 July set a ship on fire in the harbour, and groups of Focke-Wulf Fw 190s dive-bombed the harbour in daylight. A Troop of 276 LAA Bty had already moved north to provide AA defence for Eighth Army HQ. 2 AA Brigade HQ also went to Augusta, leaving 66th LAA Rgt under the command of newly arrived 62 AA Bde HQ.Molony, Vol V, pp. 81–2.Routledge, pp. 262–3.