Vapor pressures of the elements

Vapor pressure

P/(Pa) 1 10 100 200 1 k 2 k 5 k 10 k 20 k 50 k 100 k 101325 reference 1 H hydrogen use (T/K) 15 20 CRC.a (T/°C) -258.6 -252.8 KAL (T/K) 10 (s) 11.4 (s) 12.2 (s) 13.4 (s) 14.5 16.0 18.2 20.3 2 He helium use (T/K) 3 4 CRC.b (T/°C) -270.6 -268.9 KAL (T/K) 1.3 1.66 1.85 2.17 2.48 2.87 3.54 4.22 3 Li lithium use (T/K) 797 885 995 1144 1337 1610 CRC.f,k (T/°C) 524.3 612.3 722.1 871.2 1064.3 1337.1 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.673 - 8310 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.061 - 8023 / (T/K) 797.4 885.4 995.3 KAL (T/K) 1040 1145 1200 1275 1345 1415 1530 1630 SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 325..725 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.625 - 7480 / (T/K) 777 867 981 4 Be beryllium use (T/K) 1462 1608 1791 2023 2327 2742 CRC.b (T/°C) 1189 (s) 1335 1518 1750 2054 2469 CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.048 - 17020 / (T/K) - 0.4440 log (T/K) 1461.8 CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.792 - 15731 / (T/K) 1606.5 1789.2 SMI.c,g (T/K) solid, 942..1284 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.115 - 18220 / (T/K) 1504 SMI.c,g (T/K) liquid, 1284..1582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.075 - 16590 / (T/K) 1647 1828 5 B boron use (T/K) 2348 2562 2822 3141 3545 4072 CRC.b (T/°C) 2075 2289 2549 2868 3272 3799 SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1052..1648 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.255 - 21370 / (T/K) 1612 1744 1899 6 C carbon (graphite) use (T/K) 2839 3048 3289 3572 3908 CRC.h (T/°C) 2566 (s) 2775 (s) 3016 (s) 3299 (s) 3635 (s) 7 N nitrogen use (T/K) 37 41 46 53 62 77 CRC.a,d (T/°C) -236 (s) -232 (s) -226.8 (s) -220.2 (s) -211.1 (s) -195.9 KAL (T/K) 48.1 (s) 53.0 (s) 55.4 (s) 59.0 (s) 62.1 (s) 65.8 71.8 77.4 8 O oxygen use (T/K) 61 73 90 CRC.a,i (T/°C) -211.9 -200.5 -183.1 KAL (T/K) 55.4 61.3 64.3 68.8 72.7 77.1 83.9 90.2 9 F fluorine use (T/K) 38 44 50 58 69 85 CRC.a,d (T/°C) -235 (s) -229.5 (s) -222.9 (s) -214.8 -204.3 -188.3 KAL (T/K) 53 58 61 65.3 68.9 73.0 79.3 85.0 10 Ne neon use (T/K) 12 13 15 18 21 27 CRC.b (T/°C) -261 (s) -260 (s) -258 (s) -255 (s) -252 (s) -246.1 KAL (T/K) 16.3 (s) 18.1 (s) 19.0 (s) 20.4 (s) 21.6 (s) 22.9 (s) 24.9 27.1 11 Na sodium use (T/K) 554 617 697 802 946 1153 CRC.f,k (T/°C) 280.6 344.2 424.3 529 673 880.2 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.304 - 5603 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 700 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.710 - 5377 / (T/K) 553.8 617.3 697.4 KAL (T/K) 729 807 846 904 954 1010 1095 1175 SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 158..437 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.835 - 5480 / (T/K) 557 620 699 12 Mg magnesium use (T/K) 701 773 861 971 1132 1361 CRC.b (T/°C) 428 (s) 500 (s) 588 (s) 698 859 1088 CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 7813 / (T/K) - 0.8253 log (T/K) 700.9 772.7 861.2 892.0 KAL (T/K) 891 979 1025 1085 1140 1205 1295 1375 SMI.a (T/K) solid, 287..605 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 7741 / (T/K) 707 778 865 13 Al aluminium use (T/K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790 CRC.b (T/°C) 1209 1359 1544 1781 2091 2517 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.465 - 17342 / (T/K) - 0.7927 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 16211 / (T/K) 1484.9 1634.7 1818.0 KAL (T/K) 1885 2060 2140 2260 2360 2430 2640 2790 SMI.c,l (T/K) liquid, 843..1465 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.115 - 15630 / (T/K) 1406 1545 14 Si silicon use (T/K) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537 CRC.b (T/°C) 1635 1829 2066 2363 2748 3264 KAL (T/K) 2380 2590 2690 2840 2970 3100 3310 3490 SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1024..1410 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.325 - 19720 / (T/K) 1600 SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1410..1670 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 18550 / (T/K) 1738 1917 15 P phosphorus (white) use (T/K) 279 307 342 388 453 549 CRC.c,e (T/°C) 6 (s) 34 (s) 69 115 180 276 KAL (T/K) 365 398 414 439 460 484 520.5 553.6 15 P phosphorus (red) use (T/K) 455 489 529 576 635 704 CRC.b,c (T/°C) 182 (s) 216 (s) 256 (s) 303 (s) 362 (s) 431 (s) 16 S sulfur use (T/K) 375 408 449 508 591 717 CRC.c (T/°C) 102 (s) 135 176 235 318 444 KAL (T/K) 462 505.7 528.0 561.3 590.1 622.5 672.4 717.8 17 Cl chlorine use (T/K) 128 139 153 170 197 239 CRC.a (T/°C) -145 (s) -133.7 (s) -120.2 (s) -103.6 (s) -76.1 -34.2 KAL (T/K) 158 (s) 170 (s) 176.3 187.4 197.0 207.8 224.3 239.2 18 Ar argon use (T/K) 47 53 61 71 87 CRC.a,d,l (T/°C) -226.4 (s) -220.3 (s) -212.4 (s) -201.7 (s) -186.0 KAL (T/K) 55.0 (s) 60.7 (s) 63.6 (s) 67.8 (s) 71.4 (s) 75.4 (s) 81.4 (s) 87.3 19 K potassium use (T/K) 473 530 601 697 832 1029 CRC.f,k (T/°C) 200.2 256.5 328 424 559 756.2 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.967 - 4646 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.408 - 4453 / (T/K) 473.3 529.6 601.1 KAL (T/K) 633 704 740 794 841 894 975 1050 SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 91..338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.485 - 4503 / (T/K) 475 531 602 20 Ca calcium use (T/K) 864 956 1071 1227 1443 1755 CRC.b (T/°C) 591 (s) 683 (s) 798 (s) 954 1170 1482 CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.133 - 9517 / (T/K) - 1.4030 log (T/K) 864.2 956.4 1071.5 1112.0 KAL (T/K) 1105 1220 1280 1365 1440 1525 1650 1765 SMI.a (T/K) 408..817 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.425 - 9055 / (T/K) 869 961 1075 21 Sc scandium use (T/K) 1645 1804 (2006) (2266) (2613) (3101) CRC.c (T/°C) 1372 (s) 1531 (s) 1733 (i) 1993 (i) 2340 (i) 2828 (i) CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.656 - 19721 / (T/K) + 0.2885 log (T/K) - 0.3663 (T/K) 10−3 CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 17681 / (T/K) SMI.c (T/K) 1058..1804 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 18570 / (T/K) 1678 1845 2049 22 Ti titanium use (T/K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558 CRC.b (T/°C) 1709 1898 2130 (e) 2419 2791 3285 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.931 - 24991 / (T/K) - 1.3376 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2400 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.364 - 22747 / (T/K) 2001.7 2194.8 SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1134..1727 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.375 - 18640 / (T/K) 1797 1988 SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1727..1965 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.105 - 20110 / (T/K) 2209 23 V vanadium use (T/K) 2101 2289 2523 2814 3187 3679 CRC.b (T/°C) 1828 (s) 2016 2250 2541 2914 3406 CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.750 - 27132 / (T/K) - 0.5501 log (T/K) 2099.6 CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 25011 / (T/K) 2287.2 2517.5 SMI.c (T/K) 1465..2207 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.445 - 26620 / (T/K) 2139 2326 24 Cr chromium use (T/K) 1656 1807 1991 2223 2530 2942 CRC.b (T/°C) 1383 (s) 1534 (s) 1718 (s) 1950 2257 2669 CR2 solid, 298 K to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.806 - 20733 / (T/K) + 0.4391 log (T/K) - 0.4094 (T/K)−3 KAL (T/K) 2020 2180 2260 2370 2470 2580 2730 2870 SMI.c,l (T/K) solid, 907..1504 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 17560 / (T/K) 1463 1596 1755 25 Mn manganese use (T/K) 1228 1347 1493 1691 1955 2333 CRC.b (T/°C) 955 (s) 1074 (s) 1220 (s) 1418 1682 2060 CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.811 - 15097 / (T/K) - 1.7896 log (T/K) 1229.2 1346.6 1490.0 KAL (T/K) 1560 1710 1780 1890 1980 2080 2240 2390 SMI.c (T/K) 717..1251 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.375 - 14100 / (T/K) 1240 1359 1504 26 Fe iron use (T/K) 1728 1890 2091 2346 2679 3132 CRC.b (T/°C) 1455 (s) 1617 1818 2073 2406 2859 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.106 - 21723 / (T/K) + 0.4536 log (T/K) - 0.5846 (T/K) 10−3 CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.353 - 19574 / (T/K) 1890.7 2092.8 KAL (T/K) 2110 2290 2380 2500 2610 2720 2890 3030 SMI.c,f (T/K) solid, 1094..1535 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.755 - 20000 / (T/K) 1701 SMI.c,f (T/K) liquid, 1535..1783 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.535 - 21400 / (T/K) 1855 2031 27 Co cobalt use (T/K) 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198 CRC.b (T/°C) 1517 1687 1892 2150 2482 2925 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.982 - 22576 / (T/K) - 1.0280 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.494 - 20578 / (T/K) 1790.3 1960.9 2167.5 SMI.c (T/K) 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21960 / (T/K) 1900 2081 2298 28 Ni nickel use (T/K) 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184 CRC.b (T/°C) 1510 1677 1881 2137 2468 2911 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.563 - 22606 / (T/K) - 0.8717 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.672 - 20765 / (T/K) 1779.0 1945.7 2146.9 KAL (T/K) 2230 2410 2500 2630 2740 2860 3030 3180 SMI.c,q solid, 1157..1455 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.405 - 21840 / (T/K) SMI.c,q (T/K) liquid, 1455..1884 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 20600 / (T/K) 1764 1930 2129 29 Cu copper use (T/K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2836 CRC.b (T/°C) 1236 1388 1577 1816 2131 2563 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.129 - 17748 / (T/K) - 0.7317 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.855 - 16415 / (T/K) 1512.2 1665.7 1853.8 KAL (T/K) 1940 2110 2200 2320 2420 2540 2710 2860 SMI.c,f solid, 946..1083 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 18060 / (T/K) SMI.c,f (T/K) liquid, 1083..1628 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.845 - 16580 / (T/K) 1529 1684 1875 30 Zn zinc use (T/K) 610 670 750 852 990 (1185) CRC.b (T/°C) 337 (s) 397 (s) 477 579 717 912 (e) CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.108 - 6776 / (T/K) 610.0 670.4 CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 750 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.384 - 6286 / (T/K) 749.8 KAL (T/K) 780 854 891 945 991 1040 1120 1185 SMI.a (T/K) solid, 211..405 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 6744 / (T/K) 609 670 31 Ga gallium use (T/K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518 CRC.b (T/°C) 1037 1175 1347 1565 1852 2245 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.663 - 14208 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.760 - 13984 / (T/K) - 0.3413 log (T/K) 1307.4 1444.4 1613.8 KAL (T/K) 1665 1820 1900 2000 2100 2200 2350 2480 SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 771..1443 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.915 - 13360 / (T/K) 1347 1499 1688 32 Ge germanium use (T/K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104 CRC.b (T/°C) 1371 1541 1750 2014 2360 2831 SMI.c (T/K) 897..1635 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.065 - 15150 / (T/K) 1505 1671 1878 33 As arsenic use (T/K) 553 596 646 706 781 874 CRC.c (T/°C) 280 (s) 323 (s) 373 (s) 433 (s) 508 (s) 601 (s) KAL (T/K) 656 (s) 701 (s) 723 (s) 754 (s) 780 (s) 808 (s) 849 (s) 883 (s) 34 Se selenium use (T/K) 500 552 617 704 813 958 CRC.c (T/°C) 227 279 344 431 540 685 KAL (T/K) 636 695 724 767 803 844 904 958 35 Br bromine use (T/K) 185 201 220 244 276 332 CRC.a (T/°C) -87.7 (s) -71.8 (s) -52.7 (s) -29.3 (s) 2.5 58.4 KAL (T/K) 227 (s) 244.1 (s) 252.1 (s) 263.6 (s) 275.7 290.0 312.0 332.0 36 Kr krypton use (T/K) 59 65 74 84 99 120 CRC.d (T/°C) -214.0 (s) -208.0 (s) -199.4 (s) -188.9 (s) -174.6 (s) -153.6 KAL (T/K) 77 (s) 84.3 (s) 88.1 (s) 93.8 (s) 98.6 (s) 103.9 (s) 112.0 (s) 119.7 37 Rb rubidium use (T/K) 434 486 552 641 769 958 CRC.f,k (T/°C) 160.4 212.5 278.9 368 496.1 685.3 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.863 - 4215 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.318 - 4040 / (T/K) 433.6 485.7 552.1 KAL (T/K) 583 649 684 735 779 829 907 978 SMI.d (T/K) liquid, 59.4..283 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.545 - 4132 / (T/K) 433 484 548 38 Sr strontium use (T/K) 796 882 990 1139 1345 1646 CRC.b (T/°C) 523 (s) 609 (s) 717 (s) 866 1072 1373 CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.232 - 8572 / (T/K) - 1.1926 log (T/K) 795.7 882.0 989.9 1028.0 KAL (T/K) 1040 (s) 1150 1205 1285 1355 1430 1550 1660 SMI.c (T/K) solid, 361..750 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.255 - 8324 / (T/K) 812 899 1008 39 Y yttrium use (T/K) 1883 2075 (2320) (2627) (3036) (3607) CRC.c (T/°C) 1610.1 1802.3 2047 (i) 2354 (i) 2763 (i) 3334 (i) CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.741 - 22306 / (T/K) - 0.8705 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2300 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 20341 / (T/K) 1883.3 2075.4 SMI.c (T/K) 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21970 / (T/K) 1901 2081 2299 40 Zr zirconium use (T/K) 2639 2891 3197 3575 4053 4678 CRC.b (T/°C) 2366 2618 2924 3302 3780 4405 CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.014 - 31512 / (T/K) - 0.7890 log (T/K) CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.812 - 30295 / (T/K) SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1527..2127 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.505 - 25870 / (T/K) 2249 SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 2127..2459 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.165 - 27430 / (T/K) 2457 2698 41 Nb niobium use (T/K) 2942 3207 3524 3910 4393 5013 CRC.b (T/°C) 2669 2934 3251 3637 4120 4740 CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.828 - 37818 / (T/K) - 0.2575 log (T/K) SMI.n 2194..2539 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 40400 / (T/K) 42 Mo molybdenum use (T/K) 2742 2994 3312 3707 4212 4879 CRC.b (T/°C) 2469 (s) 2721 3039