War and Peace (Op. 91) (, Voyna i mir) is a 1946 230-minute opera in 13 scenes, plus an overture and an epigraph, by Sergei Prokofiev. Based on the 1869 novel War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy, its Russian libretto was prepared by the composer and Mira Mendelson. The first seven scenes are devoted to peace, the latter six, after the epigraph, to war.
Although Tolstoy's work is classified as a novel, the 1812 invasion of Russia by the French was a historical event, and some real-life people appear as characters in both the novel and the opera, e.g. Prince Mikhail Kutuzov and Napoleon Bonaparte.
Composition history Mendelson and Prokofiev's original scheme for the libretto of the opera envisaged 11 scenes, and Prokofiev began composing the music in the summer of 1941, spurred on by the German invasion of the Soviet Union which began on June 22, 1941. The description "lyric-dramatic scenes" in the libretto accurately suggests both a homage to Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin and an emphasis on individuals and their emotions rather than on the bigger picture of a country at war.
A piano score was completed by the summer of 1942 (two scenes having been changed from the original version), and it was submitted to the Soviet Union's Committee on the Arts. The Committee demanded that the Part 2 (War) scenes needed a more patriotic and heroic emphasis. Prokofiev, who had wanted to see his masterpiece staged as quickly as possible, added marches, choruses, and other materials to Part 2 to satisfy the committee. In addition, he composed the choral Epigraph, which emphasises the Russian people's defiance in the face of the enemy.
Performance history Plans were drawn up for a 1943 première at the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, to be directed by Sergei Eisenstein and conducted by Samuil Samosud. Nothing came of this project, although a private performance of eight scenes with piano accompaniment took place at the Moscow Actors’ Centre on October 16, 1944, and a public concert performance of nine scenes, conducted by Samosud, was given in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory on June 7, 1945.
The first staged performance was of a newly extended seven-scene version of Part 1 (what is now Scene 2 having been added at Samosud's suggestion), together with Scene 8, the first scene of Part 2. This took place on June 12, 1946, at the Maly Theatre (before the Revolution – Mikhailovsky Theatre) in Leningrad, again conducted by Samosud. Part 2, also with an additional scene (Scene 10), was to be performed there in July 1947, but after the dress rehearsal no public performances were given, “for reasons beyond the control of the theatre and the composer”.
Following the Zhdanov decree of February 1948, Prokofiev started work on a shortened single-evening version of the opera, at the same time making various revisions to his original scheme, although the thirteen-scene framework remained. This version was first performed on 26 May 1953, at the Teatro Comunale, Florence, conducted by Artur Rodziński, two months after the composer's death. Scenes 2 and 9 were, however, omitted. The Russian première of this version was given at the Maly Theatre, Leningrad, on April 1, 1955, conducted by Eduard Grikurov, in this case with the omission of Scenes 7 and 11. All thirteen scenes (but with cuts) were eventually first performed together on November 8, 1957, at the Stanislavski-Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre in Moscow, under the baton of Samosud's assistant Alexander Shaverdov. On December 15, 1959, the 13 scenes and Epigraph were finally staged uncut (conducted by Alexander Melik-Pashayev) at the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, although this was preceded in the United States by an NBC telecast conducted by Peter Herman Adler on January 13, 1957.Eyer, Ronald. "Prokofieff Opera in Historic TV Premiere." Musical America, February 1957, 118.
The first British performance was a Leeds Festival concert performance of nine scenes at Leeds Town Hall on April 19, 1967 conducted by Edward Downes.Blyth, Alan. Concert and Television Performances - War and Peace. Leeds Town Hall, April 19. Opera, June 1967, Vol.18 No.6. p523-524. The first British staged performance was by Sadlers’ Wells Opera on October 11, 1972 in English in a production by Colin Graham conducted by David Lloyd-Jones,Blyth, Alan. War and Peace at the London Coliseum. Opera, December 1972, Vol.23 No.12. p1049-1054. and the first American staging by the Opera Company of Boston on May 8, 1974. In other countries, the thirteen-scene version of the opera was first performed in Germany (Bonn) and Bulgaria (Sofia) in 1957, Serbia (Belgrade) in 1958, Croatia (Zagreb) in 1961, the Czech Republic (Liberec) in 1962, France (Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Paris, in concert) and Canada (Montreal) in 1967, Austria (Vienna State Opera, conducted by Mstislav Rostropovich) in 1971, Australia (the opening performance at the Sydney Opera House) and Argentina (Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires) in 1973, Spain (Liceu, Barcelona) in 1977 and the Netherlands (Amsterdam, conducted by Edo de Waart) in 1991. The Canadian Opera Company performed the opera as part of its 2008–09 season.
Original version
In 2010 Prokofiev's original version of the opera, edited by Rita McAllister, was premiered in Glasgow, in a collaboration between Scottish Opera and the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland (formerly RSAMD). This briefer version represents Prokofiev's thoughts in 1941, before the various additions and amendments he assembled over the years. It runs some 90 minutes shorter than the later version. Information on the Scottish Opera's War and Peace on rcs.ac.uk
Roles Role Voice typePremiere castMoscow1945Premiere castLeningrad1946Premiere castFlorence1953Premiere castLeningrad1955Premiere castNBC TV1957Premiere castMoscow1957Premiere castMoscow1959Version9 scenesConcert performance8 scenesStage première11 scenes11 scenes13 scenes13 scenes(cut)13 scenesNatalya (Natasha) RostovasopranoM. NadionTatiana LavrovaRosanna CarteriTatiana LavrovaHelena ScottValentina KayevchenkoGalina VishnevskayaCount Pyotr (Pierre) BezukhovtenorF. FedotovOles ChishkoFranco CorelliGlebovDavid LloydVladimir PetrovPrince Andrei BolkonskybaritoneAndrei IvanovSergei ShaposhnikovEttore BastianiniSergei ShaposhnikovMorley MeredithShchabinskyYevgeny KibkaloField-Marshal Prince Mikhail KutuzovbassAlexander PirogovButyaginItalo TajoButyaginKenneth SmithAlexander PirogovAlexei KrivchenyaNapoleon BonapartebaritoneModestovLeon LishnerPavel LisitsianCount Ilya Rostov, Natasha's fatherbassItalo TajoChester WatsonHélène Bezukhova, Pierre's wifecontraltoA. VassilievaCesy BrogginiBaskovaGloria LaneIrina ArkhipovaPrince Anatole Kuragin, her brothertenorF. OganianAndroukovichMirto PicchiAndroukovichDavis CunninghamAleksei Maslennikov
Other roles Over seventy characters are listed in the libretto, and many singers usually play multiple roles.
Other important characters are:
Sonya, Natasha's cousin (mezzo-soprano) Maria Dmitrievna Akhrosimova (contralto) Dolokhov (baritone)
Colonel Vasska Denisov (bass) Platon Karataev (tenor) Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky, Andrei's father (bass-baritone)
Other named characters are:
Madame Peronskaya (soprano) Tsar Alexander I (silent role) Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrei's sister (mezzo-soprano) Balaga, a coachman (bass) Joseph, a servant (silent role) Matriosha, a gipsy (mezzo-soprano) Dunyasha, Natasha's maid (soprano) Gavrila, Mme Akhrosimova's butler (bass) Metivier, a French doctor (baritone) Tikhon Scherbatsky, a partisan (baritone)
Vasilisa (soprano) Fyodor, a partisan (tenor) Matveyev, a Muscovite (baritone) Trishka (contralto) Marshal Berthier (baritone) Marquis de Caulaincourt (silent role) General Belliard (baritone) Monsieur de Beausset (tenor) General Count von Bennigsen (bass) Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tolly (tenor)
General Aleksey Yermolov (baritone) General Pyotr Konovnitsyn (tenor) General Nikolay Raevsky (baritone) Malasha, a young girl (silent role) Captain Ramballe (bass) Lieutenant Bonnet (tenor) Ivanov, a Muscovite (tenor) Jacquot (bass) Gérard (tenor) Mavra Kusminitchna (contralto) Marshal Davout (bass)
Unnamed characters are: The Host at the ball and his Major-Domo (tenors), Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky's servants – his Major-Domo and an old servant (baritones) and a housemaid (soprano), a French Abbé (tenor), two Prussian Generals (speaking roles), two staff-officers (tenor and bass), Prince Andrei's Orderly (tenor), Adjutants to General Compans and Prince Eugène (tenors) and to Marshal Murat (treble), Aides-de-camp to Napoleon (bass) and Kutuzov (tenor), an off-stage Orderly (tenor), a young workman (tenor), a shopkeeper (soprano), a French Officer (baritone), three Madmen (tenor, baritone, silent role), two French Actresses (soprano), an escort (silent role).
Synopsis
Part 1 (Peace) The Overture or the Epigraph usually precedes the action
Scene 1: After dark, in the garden of Count Rostov's country estate, May, 1806
Andrei, who is a guest there, is depressed by the loss of his wife. Natasha, who also cannot sleep, looks out of her window and tells Sonya how beautiful the garden looks in the moonlight, and Andrei recovers his spirits.
Scene 2: New Year's Eve, 1810
At a ball in St Petersburg attended by the Tsar, Pierre encourages Andrei, who is attracted to Natasha, to ask her to dance. Anatole, also attracted to her, asks Hélène to arrange an introduction.
Scene 3: Town house of Prince Nikolai, February 1812
Count Rostov and Natasha visit Prince Nikolai's home. He is the father of Andrei, to whom she is engaged. Andrei has been abroad for a year. Princess Marya indicates that her father will not see them, and Count Rostov departs. However, the Prince, dressed eccentrically and behaving boorishly, does appear, and Natasha realises that he does not approve of the marriage.
Scene 4: Pierre's Moscow house, May 1812
Hélène tells Natasha that Anatole is attracted to her, and, after some hesitation, Natasha hears his declaration of love and agrees to meet him.
Scene 5: Dolokhov's apartment, 12 June 1812
Dolokhov has made the arrangements for his friend Anatole's elopement with Natasha. The coach-driver Balaga, Dolokhov and Anatole drink to the escapade and to the latter's mistress Matriosha.
Scene 6: Later that night
Natasha discovers that Sonya has given away her secret to Madame Akhrosimova, with whom they are staying. Anatole and Dolokhov are sent away by Gavrila, and Akhrosimova reduces Natasha to tears. Pierre arrives, reveals that Anatole is married, and agrees to ask Andrei to forgive Natasha. He shyly admits that he himself would want to marry her if he were free. Natasha takes poison off-stage and rushes back on stage in great agitation to confess this fact to Sonya.
Scene 7: Later still
Hélène is entertaining Anatole, Metivier and an Abbé. Pierre, returning home, upbraids Anatole and demands that he leave Moscow immediately. He agrees, and Pierre is left alone to bemoan his own circumstances. Denisov arrives with the news that Napoleon and his army are crossing into Russia. War is inevitable.
Part 2 (War) The Epigraph is usually performed here if it was not used at the start of Part 1.
Scene 8: Near Borodino, 25 August 1812
Amid preparations for the defence of Moscow, Andrei and Denisov discuss utilising partisans to make life difficult for Napoleon's army. Pierre, wanting to observe the scene, arrives, and he and Andrei embrace, perhaps for the last time. Field-Marshal Kutuzov offers Andrei a position on his staff, but Andrei prefers to go into battle with his own regiment. The battle starts.
Scene 9: Later that day
Napoleon ponders his position, first refusing to commit more men, then agreeing. An unexploded cannonball lands at his feet and he kicks it away.
Scene 10: Two days later