During World War I, the Kingdom of Romania was a source of various types of military equipment. Either directly, or indirectly through Romanian-born people designing military equipment abroad.
Munitions and related equipment
Between 1914 and 1916, 59 Romanian factories along with numerous private contractors produced a total of 400,000 artillery rounds and 45 million small-arms cartridges. Added to these completed projectiles there were cartridge components (70 million bullets and 110 million primers) and artillery shell components (250,000 fuzes). Three Romanian factories produced 1.5 tons of explosives daily, and grenades were also manufactured.Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, p. 19 Daily production of ammunition amounted to one cartridge for every rifle and two shells for every gun.Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866-1947, p. 262Kendall D. Gott, Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006, Security Assistance: U.S. and International Historical Perspectives, p. 527 When it joined the Great War in August 1916, Romania had a total of 600,000 shells. The Romanian Army had enough ammunition for its rifles to last five months, but the country needed 500,000 shells per month to avoid being overwhelmed. From France, 400,000 more shells were awaiting delivery.Charles à Court Repington, Constable and Company, London, 1920, The First World War, 1914-1918: Personal Experiences of Lieut.-Col. C. À Court Repington, Volume 1, p. 255 The entire Romanian production of artillery rounds amounted to 400,000.
At the beginning of the war, the Romanian factories in Bucharest were producing small quantities of ammunition, mostly for training purposes. Made of cast iron, these old models had low striking power. After the start of the war, following the huge amount of ammunition usage observed on the Western Front, production was focused on and quick-fire shells, but production remained limited and shells remained of poor quality. Such was the quality of Romanian-manufactured shells that during the Battle of Nagyszeben (Sibiu) – a Romanian defeat – percussion fuzes exploded inside gun barrels, killing and wounding gunners, or would not explode on the target.Sanders Marble, Brill, 2016, King of Battle: Artillery in World War I, pp. 327 and 335
Artillery elements
As elsewhere, in order to create new artillery units, the Romanians resorted to disarming their fortifications, a decision prompted in part by the quick German destruction of Belgian forts in 1914. By August 1916, part of the 1,400 guns and howitzers from the Romanian forts ( to ) had been mounted on Romanian-produced carriages and assigned to field service. Some were converted to anti-aircraft guns.Sanders Marble, Brill, 2016, King of Battle: Artillery in World War I, p. 327 For instance, the Romanian officer Ștefan Burileanu invented an effective anti-aircraft system for the Hotchkiss rapid-fire gun.Béla K. Király, Gunther Erich Rothenberg, Brooklyn College Press: distributed by Columbia University Press, 1987, Essays on war and society in east central Europe 1740-1920, p. 272 Up until Romania's entry into the war, the focus was on light and medium guns. Between 1914 and 1916, 332 gun carriages were produced for guns up to 75 mm. During the same time period, 1,500 caissons were also produced. After Romania entered the war, however, the heavy pieces were also turned into field guns. The 150 mm Krupp M1891/16 L/25 is one example. According to one photography dated October 1916, at least five such guns were converted for field use. Seven new heavy artillery regiments were formed. By 1918, the heaviest Romanian fortress guns had been converted for field use, as exemplified by the Iași (Krupp) Model 1888/1918 210 mm howitzer.Sanders Marble, Brill, 2016, King of Battle: Artillery in World War I, p. 328
The Ghenea gun sight
The first artillery panoramic field lenses, later adopted by all the armies of the world, were invented by the Romanian General Toma Ghenea.Béla K. Király, Social Science Monographs, Brooklyn College Press, 1984, The Crucial Decade: East Central European Society and National Defense, 1859-1870, p. 406 Ghenea patented his "sighting attachment for ordnance" on 13 December 1902.Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904, Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Volume 107, pp. 1028-1029 Beginning with 1902, the panoramic sight began to gain ground very rapidly. But by 1907, Ghenea's was still "one of the most perfect yet devised". It had compensating gear for drift-caused lateral deviations and level of wheels.Royal Artillery Institution, 1907, The Journal of the Royal Artillery, Volume 34, p. 255 Ghenea's gun sight enabled sighting adjustments to be made rapidly, even for extreme alterations.W. H. Maw, J. Dredge, Office for Advertisements and Publication, London, 1903, Engineering, Volume 76, p. 441 The vertical angle which the sight made with the axis of the gun could be read on a quadrant scale.Artillery School Press, 1907, Journal of the United States Artillery, Volume 27, p. 171 The Ghenea sight was peculiar because the pedestal itself was mounted on a transverse horizontal pivot to which the drum on which the elevation was set was attached. The pedestal itself was always perpendicular with the line of sight. The longitudinal level was just over the eyepiece of the panorama sight. In the Romanian Army, Ghenea's sight was fitted to the 75 mm Krupp L/30 field gun, being used for both direct and indirect laying.Henry Arthur Bethell, Cattermole, 1910, Modern Guns and Gunnery, 1910: A Practical Manual for Officers of the Horse, Field and Mountain Artillery, pp. 300-301 The Ghenea sight allowed the gun layer to adjust the range during the return of the piece in battery, by lightly turning the elevation screw which was just in front of him, without having to take his eye off the level. The bubble of the level was brought to its central position as soon as the forward movement of the gun was finished. With an ordinary sight, changing the range elevation while the gun was in motion was impossible.Artillery School Press, 1904, Journal of the United States Artillery, Volume 20, p. 181
Vehicle assembly
Between 1907 and 1908, Romania assembled and launched four river monitors at the Galați shipyard. The monitors were built in sections by STT in Austria-Hungary, then transported to Galați and assembled there. The four vessels were named Ion C. Brătianu, Lascăr Catargiu, Mihail Kogălniceanu and Alexandru Lahovary. Each vessel displaced 680 tons, had a top speed of 13 knots and a crew of 110. Armament consisted of three 120 mm (4.7 inches) L/35 naval guns, two 120 mm (4.7 inches) L/10 naval howitzers, four 47 mm guns and two 6.5 mm machine-guns. Armor thickness amounted to 75 mm (almost 3 inches) on the sides, deck and turrets and 50 mm (almost two inches) on the conning tower. All but Alexandru Lahovary were launched in 1907, the latter being launched in 1908.Robert Gardiner, Naval Institute Press, 1985, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921, p. 422Roger Kafka, Roy L. Pepperburg, Cornell Maritime Press, Warships of the World, p. 881International Naval Research Organization, 1967, Warship International, Volume 4, p. 145 The first monitor to be launched at Galați was Lascăr Catargiu.International Naval Research Organization, 1984, Warship International, Volume 21, p. 160 The four monitors first saw action during the Battle of Turtucaia. On 2 September 1916, after the German formation known as Abteilung Kaufmann penetrated into the western edge of the defences of Turtucaia, the artillery fire of the Romanian monitors brought the Germans to a halt. The Abteilung attempted again on the following day, 3 September. It divided into three columns and attempted to seize high ground which dominated the Romanian defences. All three columns were brought to a halt by defensive fire, however, and then forced to withdraw, leaving behind around 300 dead and wounded. The third and final attack of Abteilung Kaufmann, on 4 September, was successful, the valuable high ground being captured.Prit Buttar, Bloomsbury Publishing, Sep 22, 2016, Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17, pp. 327-328 and 330 Subsequently, the monitors proceeded to evacuate Turtucaia. Alexandru Lahovary evacuated General Teodorescu and his staff,Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, p. 77 while the other three monitors - organised as the 2nd Monitor Division - safely evacuated the 9th Romanian Infantry Division. During the following year, the monitors joined the army artillery in holding the line against the Germans in Moldavia throughout the summer and autumn of 1917. In early 1918, the monitors were primarily engaged in sweeping mines from channels, rivers and ports.Spencer C. Tucker, ABC-CLIO, May 10, 2019, World War I: A Country-by-Country Guide, p. 448
During the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, Romania was the only country in the region to have developed its own aircraft. Bulgaria, Serbia and even the Ottoman Empire lacked native aircraft at the time, but Romania had two machines designed by Aurel Vlaicu – A Vlaicu I and A Vlaicu II – in service with its army. Vlaicu's design had a chain-driven propeller at either end of the wing, the rudder at the front of the aircraft, a triangular tail and a 50 hp Gnome et Rhône engine. At an Austro-Hungarian aircraft contest in the summer of 1912, Vlaicu's "strange-looking monoplane", a "refreshing oddity", took the first prizes for landing in the smallest circle and for accurate "bomb dropping". Vlaicu's aircraft was nicknamed "La Folle Mouche" ("The Crazy Fly"). Although the model was subsequently purchased by the Romanian Army, Vlaicu was killed in a crash during September 1913, which also destroyed his second aircraft.Henry Serrano Villard, Courier Corporation, Jan 1, 2002, Contact!: The Story of the Early Aviators, pp. 155 and 230 Before Romania's entry into World War I, a Romanian factory started manufacturing Farman aircraft under licence. Six Farmans were ordered and served in the Romanian Air Corps. On the eve of its entry into the war in 1916, the Romanian Air Corps had 24 aircraft and another 20 from the flight schools. During the war, a number of 242-292 aircraft and 545 engines were assembled at RGA. During late 1917, limited assembly of Nieuport 17 fighters also took place at the Romanian port town of Sulina. The aircraft assembled there arrived in crates at Chilia. On 7 October, two assembled fighters were already in service at Sulina, and by the end of the year, four more operational and two non-operational aircraft were added. It is not known for certain if the Sulina air unit was involved in any combat.
Armored car production
WW1 In 1915, an armored car was designed at the CFR workshops in Bucharest. It used the chassis of a truck that was being repaired at the workshops. The armored car could mount a single machine gun in a fixed turret. The car was assigned to the armored car section of the Automobile Traction Regiment, then transferred to the Assault Tank Battalion (Batalionul Carelor de Asalt) in 1919.
During the war, when the workshops were located at Iași, another armored car was built. This armored car was larger and it was equipped with an unspecified machine gun, as well as with a 57 mm Burileanu anti-aircraft gun.
Automobil blindat M1919 During the Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919, the Romanian Army used an armored car of native design and construction. The car used the chassis of a commercial truck, possibly from one of the Renault trucks received in 1916. Presumably, the design and construction of this machine took place at the end of 1918 and were finished in 1919.