Cherkasov (masculine, Russian: Черкасов) or Cherkasova (feminine, Russian: Черкасова) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alla Cherkasova (born 1989), Ukrainian wrestler Alan Cherkasov, Kazakh television personality Andrei Cherkasov (born 1970), Soviet and Russian tennis player Maria Cherkasova (born 1938), Russian journalist and ecologist Marina Cherkasova (born 1964), Russian pair skater Marina Cherkasova (skier) (born 1972), Russian freestyle skier Nikolai Cherkasov (1903–1966), Soviet actor Svetlana Cherkasova (born 1978), Russian middle-distance runner Valentina Cherkasova (born 1958), Soviet sports shooter Veronika Cherkasova (1959–2004), Belarusian journalist