In number theory, a perfect digital invariant (PDI) is a number in a given number base () that is the sum of its own digits each raised to a given power ().Perfect and PluPerfect Digital Invariants by Scott Moore PDIs by Harvey Heinz
Definition Let be a natural number. The perfect digital invariant function (also known as a happy function, from happy numbers) for base and power is defined as:
where is the number of digits in the number in base , and
is the value of each digit of the number. A natural number is a perfect digital invariant if it is a fixed point for , which occurs if . and are trivial perfect digital invariants for all and , all other perfect digital invariants are nontrivial perfect digital invariants.
For example, the number 4150 in base is a perfect digital invariant with , because .
A natural number is a sociable digital invariant if it is a periodic point for , where for a positive integer (here is the th iterate of ), and forms a cycle of period . A perfect digital invariant is a sociable digital invariant with , and a amicable digital invariant is a sociable digital invariant with .
All natural numbers are preperiodic points for , regardless of the base. This is because if , , so any will satisfy until . There are a finite number of natural numbers less than , so the number is guaranteed to reach a periodic point or a fixed point less than , making it a preperiodic point.
Numbers in base lead to fixed or periodic points of numbers .
The number of iterations needed for to reach a fixed point is the perfect digital invariant function's persistence of , and undefined if it never reaches a fixed point.
is the digit sum. The only perfect digital invariants are the single-digit numbers in base , and there are no periodic points with prime period greater than 1.
reduces to , as for any power , and .
For every natural number , if , and , then for every natural number , if , then , where is Euler's totient function.
No upper bound can be determined for the size of perfect digital invariants in a given base and arbitrary power, and it is not currently known whether or not the number of perfect digital invariants for an arbitrary base is finite or infinite.
F2,b By definition, any three-digit perfect digital invariant for with natural number digits , , has to satisfy the cubic Diophantine equation . has to be equal to 0 or 1 for any , because the maximum value can take is . As a result, there are actually two related quadratic Diophantine equations to solve: when , and when . The two-digit natural number is a perfect digital invariant in base
This can be proven by taking the first case, where , and solving for . This means that for some values of and , is not a perfect digital invariant in any base, as is not a divisor of . Moreover, , because if or , then , which contradicts the earlier statement that .
There are no three-digit perfect digital invariants for , which can be proven by taking the second case, where , and letting and . Then the Diophantine equation for the three-digit perfect digital invariant becomes
for all values of . Thus, there are no solutions to the Diophantine equation, and there are no three-digit perfect digital invariants for .
F3,b
By definition, any four-digit perfect digital invariant for with natural number digits , , , has to satisfy the quartic Diophantine equation . has to be equal to 0, 1, 2 for any , because the maximum value can take is . As a result, there are actually three related cubic Diophantine equations to solve when when when We take the first case, where .
b = 3k + 1 Let be a positive integer and the number base . Then: is a perfect digital invariant for for all .
is a perfect digital invariant for for all .
is a perfect digital invariant for for all .
+ Perfect digital invariants 1 4 130 131 203 2 7 250 251 305 3 10 370 371 407 4 13 490 491 509 5 16 5B0 5B1 60B 6 19 6D0 6D1 70D 7 22 7F0 7F1 80F 8 25 8H0 8H1 90H 9 28 9J0 9J1 A0J
b = 3k + 2 Let be a positive integer and the number base . Then: is a perfect digital invariant for for all .
+ Perfect digital invariants 1 5 103 2 8 205 3 11 307 4 14 409 5 17 50B 6 20 60D 7 23 70F 8 26 80H 9 29 90J
b = 6k + 4 Let be a positive integer and the number base . Then: is a perfect digital invariant for for all .
+ Perfect digital invariants 0 4 021 1 10 153 2 16 285 3 22 3B7 4 28 4E9
Fp,b All numbers are represented in base . Nontrivial perfect digital invariants Cycles 2 3 12, 22 2 → 11 → 2 4 5 23, 33 4 → 31 → 20 → 4 6 5 → 41 → 25 → 45 → 105 → 42 → 32 → 21 → 5 7 13, 34, 44, 63 2 → 4 → 22 → 11 → 2 16 → 52 → 41 → 23 → 16 8 24, 64 4 → 20 → 4
5 → 31 → 12 → 5
15 → 32 → 15 9 45, 55 58 → 108 → 72 → 58
75 → 82 → 75 10 4 → 16 → 37 → 58 → 89 → 145 → 42 → 20 → 4 11 56, 66 5 → 23 → 12 → 5
68 → 91 → 75 → 68 12 25, A5 5 → 21 → 5
8 → 54 → 35 → 2A → 88 → A8 → 118 → 56 → 51 → 22 → 8
18 → 55 → 42 → 18
68 → 84 → 68 13 14, 36, 67, 77, A6, C4 28 → 53 → 28 79 → A0 → 79
98 → B2 → 98 14 1B → 8A → BA → 11B → 8B → D3 → CA → 136 → 34 → 1B
29 → 61 → 29 15 78, 88 2 → 4 → 11 → 2
8 → 44 → 22 → 8
15 → 1B → 82 → 48 → 55 → 35 → 24 → 15
2B → 85 → 5E → EB → 162 → 2B
4E → E2 → D5 → CE → 17A → A0 → 6A → 91 → 57 → 4E
9A → C1 → 9A
D6 → DA → 12E → D6 16 D → A9 → B5 → 92 → 55 → 32 → D 3 3 122 2 → 22 → 121 → 101 → 2 4 20, 21, 130, 131, 203, 223, 313, 332 5 103, 433 14 → 230 → 120 → 14 6 243, 514, 1055 13 → 44 → 332 → 142 → 201 → 13 7 12, 22, 250, 251, 305, 505 2 → 11 → 2
13 → 40 → 121 → 13
23 → 50 → 236 → 506 → 665 → 1424 → 254 → 401 → 122 → 23
51 → 240 → 132 → 51
160 → 430 → 160
161 → 431 → 161
466 → 1306 → 466
516 → 666 → 1614 → 552 → 516 8 134, 205, 463, 660, 661 662 → 670 → 1057 → 725 → 734 → 662 9 30, 31, 150, 151, 570, 571, 1388 38 → 658 → 1147 → 504 → 230 → 38
152 → 158 → 778 → 1571 → 572 → 578 → 1308 → 660 → 530 → 178 → 1151 → 152
638 → 1028 → 638
818 → 1358 → 818 10 153, 370, 371, 407 55 → 250 → 133 → 55
136 → 244 → 136
160 → 217 → 352 → 160
919 → 1459 → 919 11 32, 105, 307, 708, 966, A06, A64 3 → 25 → 111 → 3
9 → 603 → 201 → 9
A → 82A → 1162 → 196 → 790 → 895 → 1032 → 33 → 4A → 888 → 1177 → 576 → 5723 → A3 → 8793 → 1210 → A
25A → 940 → 661 → 364 → 25A
366 → 388 → 876 → 894 → A87 → 1437 → 366
49A → 1390 → 629 → 797 → 1077 → 575 → 49A 12 577, 668, A83, 11AA 13 490, 491, 509, B85 13 → 22 → 13 14 136, 409 15 C3A, D87 16 23, 40, 41, 156, 173, 208, 248, 285, 4A5, 580, 581, 60B, 64B, 8C0, 8C1, 99A, AA9, AC3, CA8, E69, EA0, EA1 4 3 121 → 200 → 121
122 → 1020 → 122 4 1103, 3303 3 → 1101 → 3 5 2124, 2403, 3134 1234 → 2404 → 4103 → 2323 → 1234
2324 → 2434 → 4414 → 11034 → 2324
3444 → 11344 → 4340 → 4333 → 3444 6 7 8 20, 21, 400, 401, 420, 421 9 432, 2466 5 3 1020, 1021, 2102, 10121 4 200 3 → 3303 → 23121 → 10311 → 3312 → 20013 → 10110 → 3
3311 → 13220 → 10310 → 3311
Extension to negative integers Perfect digital invariants can be extended to the negative integers by use of a signed-digit representation to represent each integer.
Balanced ternary In balanced ternary, the digits are 1, −1 and 0. This results in the following: With odd powers , reduces down to digit sum iteration, as , and . With even powers , indicates whether the number is even or odd, as the sum of each digit will indicate divisibility by 2 if and only if the sum of digits ends in 0. As and , for every pair of digits 1 or −1, their sum is 0 and the sum of their squares is 2.
Relation to happy numbers
A happy number for a given base and a given power is a preperiodic point for the perfect digital invariant function such that the -th iteration of is equal to the trivial perfect digital invariant , and an unhappy number is one such that there exists no such .
Programming example The example below implements the perfect digital invariant function described in the definition above to search for perfect digital invariants and cycles in Python. This can be used to find happy numbers. def pdif(x: int, p: int, b: int) -> int: """Perfect digital invariant function.""" total = 0 while x > 0: total = total + pow(x % b, p) x = x // b return total
def pdif_cycle(x: int, p: int, b: int) -> list[int]: seen = [] while x not in seen: seen.append(x) x = pdif(x, p, b) cycle = [] while x not in cycle: cycle.append(x) x = pdif(x, p, b) return cycle
See also Arithmetic dynamics Dudeney number Factorion Happy number Kaprekar's constant Kaprekar number Meertens number Narcissistic number Perfect digit-to-digit invariant Sum-product number
References
External links Digital Invariants