Santa Clara ( ; Spanish for 'Saint Clare') is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Located in the southern San Francisco Bay Area, it was founded by the Spanish in 1777 with the establishment of Mission Santa Clara de Asís under the leadership of Junípero Serra. The city's population was 127,647 at the 2020 census, making it the eighth-most populous city in the Bay Area. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Santa Clara's population at 133,446 as of July 1, 2025.

Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of companies such as Intel, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and Nvidia. It is also home to Santa Clara University, the oldest university in California,"Santa Clara University Ethnobiographical Background ." Santa Clara University. Retrieved on March 13, 2010. Levi's Stadium, home of the National Football League's San Francisco 49ers, and California's Great America amusement park. Santa Clara is bordered by San Jose on almost every side, except for Sunnyvale and Cupertino to the west.

History

Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century, the Tamien tribe of the Ohlone nation of Indigenous Californians had inhabited the area for several millennia.

Spanish period The first European to visit the valley was José Francisco Ortega in 1769. The Spanish began to colonize California with 21 missions, and the Mission Santa Clara de Asís was founded in 1777.

Mexican period

The Battle of Santa Clara, one of the last battles of the Conquest of California, was fought between a contingent of Californios, led by Francisco Sánchez, against the invading American forces.

American period

In 1851, Santa Clara College was established on the grounds of the original Mission. In 1852, Santa Clara was incorporated as a town; it became state-chartered by 1862.

For the next century, the economy centered on agriculture since orchards and vegetables were thriving in the fertile soil. By the beginning of the 20th century, the population had reached 5,000 and stayed about the same for many years.

In 1905, the first public high-altitude flights by humans were made over Santa Clara in gliders designed by John J. Montgomery. The semiconductor industry, which sprouted around 1960, changed the city and surrounding Valley of Heart's Delight; little of its agricultural past remains.

Santa Clara's first medical hospital was built in 1963. This structure, on Kiely Boulevard, was replaced in 2007 with a new Kaiser Permanente medical center located on Lawrence Expressway at Homestead Road.

Santa Clara was also home to a major mental health facility, Agnews State Hospital. According to the National Park Service, more than 100 persons were killed at this site in the 1906 earthquake. The site is the former home to Sun Microsystems and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Urban renewal policies of the 1950s and 1970s further accelerated downtown Santa Clara's decline. In 1957, the city filed an application for federal urban renewal funds under the 1954 Housing Act, proposing what was called the "Franklin Facelift""City of Santa Clara City Library Central Park". City of Santa Clara City Library Central Park. July 25, 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-25.—a plan to rehabilitate the downtown business district and reverse perceived blight. Initially framed as a preservation effort, the plan evolved into a sweeping redevelopment proposal that included demolition of historic buildings and reconfiguration of the street grid.

In September 1961, the city council voted to knock down the eight-block grid of Downtown Santa Clara, in order to receive federal funding for urban renewal. Santa Clara Journal microfilm, Santa Clara, California Wednesday, January 2, 1963, First (Front) page, Article: Renewal Hits Homestretch, Vol 91 No. 9, Santa Clara City Public Library Archives in Santa Clara, CASanta Clara City Urban Renewal: Home Movie Clips 1963–1966 Source by Warburton, Austen; Warburton, Margot: VHS: 1 Tape of 1 Call Number: Video 979.473 S23 Case, Rights: Copyrighted. Rights are owned by Santa Clara City Library Following the 1961 city council vote, a group of citizens filed lawsuitS.C Renewal Blocked Temporarily By Court, San Jose Mercury News, San Jose, CA Friday, March 24, 1961. and challenged the scope of demolition and use of federal funds. The court limited redevelopment to original "facelift" funding, constraining broader plans. The city cleared the land but failed to rebuild the downtown, contributing to a decades-long vacuum. In 1965, the demolition of the eight-block grid (between Benton, Lafayette, Madison, and Homestead) was completed. Historic buildings like the City Hall, Franck Building and Santa Clara Theater were razed. Only the two-block Franklin Mall was built to replace the demolished buildings; however, most businesses did not return to the area due to high land costs. Again in 1969, urban renewal continued with the Mission Revitalization Project, which demolished more homes in the area.

In June 2016, a grassroots movement to rebuild Santa Clara's historic downtown was formed, called Reclaiming Our Downtown.Herhold, Scott (May 24, 2017). "Santa Clara downtown: Can it be restored? The Mercury News, San Jose, CA. By Scott Herhold". The Mercury News. Retrieved July 25, 2025.

Geography

Santa Clara is drained by three seasonal creeks, all of which empty into the southern portion of San Francisco Bay; these creeks are San Tomas Aquino Creek, Saratoga Creek, and Calabazas Creek.

There are some significant biological resources within the city, including habitat for the burrowing owl, a species of special concern in California due to habitat reduction from urban development during the latter 20th century. Environmental Impact Report for the Esperanca property, Santa Clara, California, Earth Metrics Inc., California State Clearinghouse (1990) This owl uses burrows created by ground squirrels and prefers generally level grasslands and even disturbed areas. Coyotes have also become active in the area as of 2019.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city covers an area of , all land.

Climate The average daily temperatures in July range from to . Winters are mild, with the mean daily temperatures in January ranging from to . Most of the annual rainfall comes in the winter months; the summer months are generally rainless.

Demographics

Racial and ethnic composition +Santa Clara city, California – Racial and ethnic compositionRace / ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)Pop 2000Pop 2010Pop 2020% 2000% 2010% 2020White alone (NH)49,39242,02635,93048.25%36.08%28.15%Black or African American alone (NH)2,2372,9292,7132.19%2.51%2.13%Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)2752401860.27%0.21%0.15%Asian alone (NH)29,79143,53159,67829.10%37.38%46.75%Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH)4166043900.41%0.52%0.31%Other race alone (NH)2753217970.27%0.28%0.62%Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)3,6114,2285,4033.63%3.63%4.23%Hispanic or Latino (any race)16,36422,58922,55015.99%19.40%17.67%Total102,361116,468127,647100.00%100.00%100.00%

2020 census

2010

The 2010 United States census reported that Santa Clara had a population of 116,468. The population density was . The ethnic makeup of Santa Clara was 52,359 (45.0%) White, 3,154 (2.7%) African American, 579 (0.5%) Native American, 43,889 (37.7%) Asian (13.6% Indian, 6.9% Chinese, 6.2% Filipino, 3.9% Vietnamese, 3.0% Korean, 1.5% Japanese), 651 (0.6%) Pacific Islander, 9,624 (8.3%) from other races, and 6,212 (5.3%) from two or more races. There were 22,598 people (19.4%) who identified as Hispanic or Latino; 14.6% of Santa Clara's population was of Mexican ancestry.

The Census reported that 113,272 people (97.3% of the population) lived in households, 2,860 (2.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 336 (0.3%) were institutionalized.

There were 43,021 households, out of which 14,477 (33.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,817 (50.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,081 (9.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,038 (4.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,146 (5.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 312 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,906 households (25.4%) were made up of individuals, and 2,945 (6.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63. There were 27,936 families (64.9% of all households); the average family size was 3.18.

The age distribution of the population was as follows: 24,774 people (21.3%) were under the age of 18, 12,511 people (10.7%) aged 18 to 24, 41,876 people (36.0%) aged 25 to 44, 25,628 people (22.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 11,679 people (10.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.

There were 45,147 housing units at an average density of , of which 19,747 (45.9%) were owner-occupied, and 23,274 (54.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.6%. 53,694 people (46.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 59,578 people (51.2%) lived in rental housing units.

Economy

The City of Santa Clara owns and operates the Silicon Valley Power electric utility. In 2005, Silicon Valley Power brought online the Donald Von Raesfeld (DVR) Power Plant. The new combined cycle gas turbine plant produces 147 megawatts of electricity for the city and its residents.Silicon Valley Power Dedicates Donald Von Raesfeld Power Plant on June 15, 2005, City of Santa Clara news release (2005) As a result, the going rate for electricity in Santa Clara is considerably less than that offered by Northern California's dominant utility, Pacific Gas and Electric. In 2025, Silicon Valley Power announced a 5% increase in rates for all users to fund "infrastructure projects", which some suspect are data centers.

Santa Clara is California's leader in data center operation, with more than 50 server farms, which use 60% of the energy from municipal utilities.

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Affymetrix, Agilent Technologies, Applied Materials, Arista Networks, Aruba, Brillio, Chegg, Claris, Cloudera, Coherent, Infoblox, Intel, Intevac, Malwarebytes, Marvell Technology Group, Nvidia, OmniVision Technologies, Palo Alto Networks, ServiceNow, Silicon Valley Bank, and Veritas Technologies are among the companies headquartered in Santa Clara. The North American office of Bandai Namco Entertainment (formerly Namco) was in Santa Clara until its consolidation with its existing offices in Irvine, California."Company Info." Namco Bandai. Retrieved on December 8, 2008.

Top employers According to the city's 2024 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Rank Employer of employees 1 Applied Materials8,5002Intel7,8013AMD3,0004Kaiser Foundation Health Plan2,6005 Nvidia2,5006California's Great America2,5007 Dell2,0888 Santa Clara University2,0009City of Santa Clara1,70410Macy's1,200

Government The mayor of Santa Clara is Lisa M. Gillmor. Its city councilmembers are: Albert Gonzalez (District 1), Raj Chahal (District 2), Karen Hardy (District 3), Kevin Park (District 4), Suds Jain (District 5), and Kelly G. Cox (District 6). Santa Clara is represented in California's 17th congressional district for the U.S. House of Representatives, currently represented by .

In the California Legislature, Santa Clara is part of California's 10th State Senate district and California's 26th State Assembly district, represented in the Senate by and in the Assembly by .

The city operates the Santa Clara City Library, which is not part of the Santa Clara County Library District."Library." City of Santa Clara. Retrieved on December 7, 2009.

Education