The Palawan division plebiscite was a plebiscite held in the province of Palawan, Philippines, on March 13, 2021. As required by Republic Act No. 11259, the plebiscite was conducted to seek the consent of the residents of Palawan to the proposal to divide the province into three separate provinces: Palawan del Norte, Palawan del Sur, and Palawan Oriental.

It was originally scheduled to take place on May 11, 2020, but was postponed indefinitely due to quarantine measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. It was eventually held on March 13, 2021. According to the final tally published on March 16, voters rejected the proposal.

Background During the Spanish colonial period, what is the current province of Palawan was organized into the province of Calamianes in 1818. It was later divided into two provinces: Castilla and Asturias, later it was divided into three districts, the two named provinces, and Balabac. In 1902, during the American colonial period, Americans established civil rule in northern Palawan, calling it "Paragua". A year later, it was reorganized to include the southern portions under the name of "Palawan".

Legislative history In 2017, the Palawan Provincial Board unanimously passed a resolution to divide the province into three, which will be called Northern, East Central, and Southern Palawan. Proponents argued that it will lead to more tourism opportunities and speed up delivery of basic social services to the residents.

House Bill No. 8055 was unanimously passed in third reading by the House of Representatives on August 30, 2018. This will lead to Palawan being split into three. Palawan 1st district Congressman Franz Alvarez allayed fears that it was a gerrymander, saying that it is not because "to gerrymander is to consolidate, not to split and micro-manage.

Before the Senate was to debate on the bill, civil society groups in Palawan opposed the measure. Cynthia del Rosario of the Save Palawan Movement said that the House of Representatives railroaded House Bill No. 8055, and that it was approved "without undergoing prior public consultation". At this point, the names of the provinces were "Palawan del Norte," "Palawan del Sur," and "Palawan Oriental." Governor Jose Alvarez (uncle of Congressman Franz Alvarez), the Palawan Provincial Board and the three congressmen from Palawan pushed for the proposal. Senator Sonny Angara, chairman of the Senate Committee on Local Government, endorsed the proposal.

The Senate Committee on Local Government approved the bill on second reading on November 14. Five days later, the Senate passed the bill on third reading, with 14 voting for and only Risa Hontiveros voting against. The House of Representatives concurred with amendments by the Senate on January 28, 2019. Hontiveros explained that "Instead of having to face a single, strong provincial government which can mobilize the entire island in its own defense, China will now have the opportunity to infiltrate and influence smaller local government units".

Republic Act No. 11259, dividing the Philippine province of Palawan into three separate provinces, was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte on April 5, 2019. The act will only take effect if voters in the province vote in favor of the law in a plebiscite.

Governor Jose Alvarez was re-elected governor in the May 2019 gubernatorial elections, and his Partidong Pagbabago ng Palawan won a near sweep of all province-level elective posts.

Proposed provinces

Republic Act No. 11259 proposed the division of Palawan into three provinces. The following are the then-proposed component municipalities of the three provinces:

Palawan del Norte – Busuanga, Coron, Culion, El Nido, and Linapacan, with Taytay as its capital Palawan del Sur – Aborlan, Balabac, Bataraza, Kalayaan, Narra, Quezon, Rizal, and Sofronio Española, with Brooke's Point as its capital Palawan Oriental – Agutaya, Araceli, Cagayancillo, Cuyo, Dumaran, Magsaysay, and San Vicente, with Roxas as its capital

Palawan del Sur was the designated "mother province" and could have been the legal successor of the Palawan province.

Inclusion of Puerto Princesa The highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa, which is not under the jurisdiction of the Palawan provincial government and is only statistically and geographically considered part of the province, will continue to be independent of any province. As such, its residents did not participate in the plebiscite; if the division is approved, it would be grouped with the southern province thereafter. However, a petition was filed in Supreme Court, which sought the inclusion of Puerto Princesa residents in the plebiscite. The court unanimously dismissed the petition, ruling that the since Puerto Princesa is a highly urbanized city and is no longer under the jurisdiction of the province, it cannot be one of the "political units directly affected" by the plebiscite.

Preparation Scheduling As per law, the plebiscite for the division of Palawan was originally scheduled on "the second Monday of May 2020" (May 11). However, the plebiscite was suspended in late March due to the COVID-19 pandemic. If a "majority of the votes cast by the voters of the affected areas" voted in favor of the law, the Palawan would be divided into three provinces: Palawan del Norte, Palawan del Sur, and Palawan Oriental. It is unclear what the fate of the proposed partition will be if a majority in one of the proposed three provinces rejected the motion in the plebiscite.

There are 490,639 registered voters eligible to participate in the plebiscite.

By mid-May 2020, Palawan governor Jose Alvarez said that he expects the plebiscite to be done by July, adding that once the general community quarantine is lifted in Palawan, the Commission on Elections would reschedule it. Commissioner Rowena Guanzon hinted that the plebiscite would not take place until the province is no longer locked down.

On May 15, 2020, Mimaropa, including Palawan and Puerto Princesa, was placed in modified general community quarantine, the lowest form of quarantine available. By July 3, 2020, the local COMELEC office was awaiting on a memorandum from the main COMELEC office in Manila on when the plebiscite would take place. The provincial information office earlier said that it expects the plebiscite to be done by August 2020, or at least anytime that year.

By July 2020, the commission deferred to the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) on scheduling when the plebiscite could be held. The IATF-EID recommended the commission to conduct it with minimum exposure of the voters to the coronavirus, provide additional health safety measures, including the addition of new polling precincts to reduce congestion. The groups campaigning against the division pointed out that activities related to the plebiscite involves mass gatherings and would be against the guidelines imposed by the government.

In October 2020, the task force approved preparations to hold the plebiscite in the first quarter of 2021. In December 2020, the COMELEC approved the conduct of the plebiscite on March 13, 2021. For the purpose of the rescheduled plebiscite, ballots already printed and bearing the original plebiscite date were used and still considered valid.

Question The ballot question is as follows:

In Filipino:

"Pumapayag ka ba na hatiin ang probinsya ng Palawan sa tatlong probinsya na papangalanang: Palawan del Norte, Palawan Oriental at Palawan del Sur alinsunod sa Batas Republika Bilang 11259?

English translation:

Do you consent to the division of the province of Palawan into three provinces to be named: Palawan del Norte, Palawan Oriental, and Palawan del Sur pursuant to Republic Act No. 11259? Voters were opted to write "yes" or "oo" if they agree, or "no" or "hindi" if they oppose the proposal.

Organization The COMELEC did not require voters to wear face shields during the plebiscite, in a bid to combat voter disenfranchisement; however, wearing face masks was still required, as iterated in prevailing COVID-19 regulations imposed nationwide. Isolation polling places (IPPs) were also set up in addition to regular polling precincts. Voters with COVID-19 symptoms and answered "yes" in any of the questions on the health declaration form which were filled up as part of contact tracing efforts, were only allowed to vote in IPPs.

Campaign Two groups emerged in line with the plebiscite. The pro-division group, named as "3-in-1", was spearheaded by the Palawan provincial government. Those who were against coalesced into the "One Palawan Movement". Cynthia Sumagaysay-Del Rosario, a convener of the One Palawan Movement said that more voters did not vote for governor Jose Alvarez in the 2019 gubernatorial election, with Alvarez winning 207,875 votes, as against the 142,954 from other candidates, and 172,485 who did not vote for governor. Winston Arzaga, the provincial information officer, said that Del Rosario's findings "does not deserve a comment", and that contrary to those who opposed the division, the provincial government had been conducting an information education campaign for the proposed division, even in its bill stage.

By December 2020, Governor Alvarez was confident of the measure being approved by the people. Later that month, The Philippine Star branded the plebiscite as "gerrymandering in a pandemic".

The Palawan NGO Network Inc. (PNNI) opposed the proposal of dividing Palawan. In January 2021, the Palawan Provincial Board passed a resolution declaring environment lawyer and PNNI chief Robert Chan as persona non grata or unwelcome in Palawan. The resolution came after a two-year-old video circulated on social media, where Chan said that Palawan is "terribly mismanaged and neglected, with illegal logging, illegal fishing, and mining seemingly promoted to give in to big business." In response to the declaration, Chan inferred that the "no" campaign for the plebiscite may be gaining ground.

The National Secretariat for Social Action, Justice and Peace of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines expressed concern on the plebiscite, saying the division would affect Palawan's biodiversity and indigenous peoples' communities. Apostolic coordinator of the Apostolic Vicariate of Taytay Father Rey Aguanta said that "the law was mostly due to personal and vested political interests, and not to pave the way for genuine human development", and that the money spent for the plebiscite should have instead been spent on COVID-19 vaccines and other services.

On February 11, 2021, the campaign period officially started, which was scheduled to end on the eve of the plebiscite for election silence. Any Filipino citizen based in the Philippines, including those from outside Palawan could legally participate in the campaign. Appointed government officials were barred from participating. By the following week, the Philippine Daily Inquirer published an opinion piece from the Coalition Against Land Grabbing urging voters to vote "no" in the plebiscite, preferring for the local government to implement laws on wildlife and indigenous peoples, and that the people in Palawan did not ask their province to be divided.

Less than two weeks before the vote, the Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE), an elections watchdog, asked the commission to conduct debates regarding the plebiscite. LENTE cited limited face-to-face interactions, poor telecommunications, and no local television channel was focused on an information campaign about the plebiscite. The commission replied the next day that instead of debates, they would conduct an information campaign via radio. Radio was chosen as the best mass medium due to Palawan's poor internet connectivity. The commission assured both pro- and anti-division groups would be given airtime.