Fuerte de San José, also known as Fuerte de la Playa de Ponce, was an 18th-19th-century Spanish fortress located in Barrio Playa in the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. It was part of a three-fort system design to defend the Port of Ponce, the Barrio Playa seaport village and the City of Ponce from seaborne attacks. However, only two of the three fortifications materialized, with Fuerte San José being the largest and most complete. The fort was in operation for 125 years, from 1760 to 20 March 1885, and was demolished in 1907 by order of the Puerto Rico Legislature to make room for the growing civilian population of Barrio Playa. Fuerte de San José has been compared to Fortín de San Gerónimo in San Juan, in terms of design, purpose and size.
History
Main fort Fuerte de San José was one of a three-fort defense system designed by the Spanish military for the defense of the Port of Ponce,During the lifetime of Fuerte de San José, namely during the years 1760 to 1907, the Port of Ponce was located at the southern terminus of Camino Real, aka, Camino de la Marina, which is today's Avenida Hostos. That location was about one mile west of the current (2019) location of Port of Ponce on Punta Peñoncillo. In 1911 the U.S. Federal Government granted the City of Ponce a perpetual franchise to operate the Port. During the second decade of the 20th century (1910s), a new harbor was built. (See La Vuelta de la Feria: Segunda Parte del Juguete Cómico "Los Jíbaros Progresistas o La Feria de Ponce", Original y en Verso." Ramon Mendez Quiñones. Tipografía "El Vapor". Ponce, Puerto Rico. 28 July 1882. Archivo Digital Nacional de Puerto Rico. p. 244 (footnote). Accessed 5 April 2019.) The new Port of Ponce was built on Punta Peñoncillo, where it currently (2019) stands. Barrio Playa, and the City of Ponce. The fort took two years to buildEli D. Oquendo Rodriguez. De Criadero a Partido: Ojeada a la Historia de los Orígenes de Ponce: 1645-1810. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. 2015. p.100. and was completed in 1760.Socorro Giron. Ponce, el teatro La Perla y La Campana de La Almudaina.Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. 1992. p.463. The Spaniards later built barracks 2 miles inland, in the city of Ponce proper, for the defense of the city, called "El Castillo" capable of housing 700 men,Francisco Lluch Mora. Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. Second Edition. 2006. p. 75. but a proper defense system was needed for the port and Barrio Playa areas to protect them from seaborne attacks that could also reach the city.
The three forts were to be located (traveling west to east) at Punta Cucharas (Barrio Canas), Barrio Playa, and Punta Gatas (also in Barrio Playa).Claudio Coello. Contornos de Ponce. 1850. Atlas de España. (See: Anibal Sepúlveda Rivera. Puerto Rico Urbano: Atlas Histórico de la Ciudad Puertorriqueña. San Juan, PR: Carimar, and Puerto Rico's Departamento de Transportación y Obras Publicas. 2004. Volumen 2 [de 4]: La Domesticación del Territorio. p.137. Fuerte de San José was the defense structure which, after completion of the other two planned fortifications, would sit about halfway between the two, in Barrio Playa. The fort was staffed by the Batallón De Cazadores "La Patria" Nº 25..
The two other forts A second battery was built, at El Peñoncillo, and staffed by 40–50 men.Eli D. Quendo Rodriguez. De Criadero a Partido: Ojeada a la Historia de los Orígenes de Ponce, 1645-1810. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. 2015. pp.100-101. This second fort at El Peñoncillo was completed in 1802.Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su Historia. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Second Edition. 1986. p. 22. However, Fuerte San José was the main fort built to defend the shores of Ponce from the frequent attacks by pirates and nations who were enemies of Spain. A third fort was designed to be located at Punta Cucharas; however, it was never built. On 8 October 1823, 53 years after the construction of Fuerte San Jose and 21 years after the construction of the second battery at El Peñoncillo, the Ponce Municipal Assembly discussed plans and established budgeting rules for the financing of the third battery.Ilia del Toro Robledo. Actas #204 and #205, dated 8 October 1823. In, Actas del Cabildo de Ponce, Puerto Rico: 1812-1823. Gobierno Municipal Autónomo de Ponce. Comisión Puertorriqueña para la Celebración del Quinto Centenario del Descubrimiento de America y Puerto Rico, en Conmemoración del Encuentro de Dos Mundos. 1993. p.355-357. This third battery, however, was never built.
Location and description
The fort faced the Caribbean Sea, contained seven cannons mounted on a battery,Bartolomé Durpeaud. Plano del Barrio del Fuerte. 27 March 1841. Archivo Histórico de Ponce. (See: Anibal Sepúlveda Rivera. Puerto Rico Urbano: Atlas Histórico de la Ciudad Puertorriqueña. San Juan, PR: Carimar, and Puerto Rico's Departamento de Transportación y Obras Publicas. 2004. Volumen 2 [de 4]: La Domesticación del Territorio. p.134. and was staffed by artillery and infantry personnel.Eduardo Neumann Gandia. Verdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. 1913. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. p.133-134. By 1775, but possibly for many years earlier as well, the Spanish had a cannon de a seis (a 6-caliber cannon) in Ponce, in the city proper, for the defense of the city.Eli D. Oquendo Rodriguez. De Criadero a Partido: Ojeada a la Historia de los Orígenes de Ponce: 1645-1810. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. 2015. p.80. Since there was a three-mile distance from the city to the port, the port was vulnerable to attacks without the availability of a quick response from city artillery. Thus the port needed its own defense equipment. It was out of this need that Fuerte de San José was built.
The Fuerte de San José structure was built in masonry, with housing quarters and supplies storage also in masonry.Ramon Marin. La Villa de Ponce, considerada en tres distintas épocas. In, Las fiestas Populares de Ponce. San Juan, PR: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. p.190. It provided a base defense structure and, to complement it, two other defense structures were planned. Fuerte de San José was located between the Caribbean Sea and the village of La Playa and just west of the port facilities. The second structure, a battery, was built in 1801 at El Peñoncillo (Punta Peñoncillo), a location east of the port. A third structure, consisting of only a battery, was planned for Punta Cucharas, but was never built. The battery at El Peñoncillo was built and completed by José Benítez. This battery was donated to the people of Ponce by its teniente a guerra.A teniente a guerra was a combination "military commandant/civil superintendent" that the Spanish Crown, via its Colonial Governor in Puerto Rico, planted in each district to oversee a region of the governed territory. See "Puerto Rican Poetry: A Selection from Aboriginal to Contemporary Times." by Robert Márquez. University of Massachusetts Press. 2007. p.55. José Benítez built it "from his own money" and the battery was later accepted by the Spanish Crown as part of the Spanish arsenal in Ponce. Benitez's battery was 24.5 varas wide (about 75 feet) and "of the necessary height to make a secure and solid edification". It had four doors, two at each side, two 6-caliber cannons, and all the necessary supplies to mount a defense. It possessed enough supplies to support 50 men for thirteen days, as well as support personnel such as blacksmiths and carpenters. The structure's initial stock contained gunpowder, bullets, rifles, and crowbars.Eli D. Oquendo Rodriguez. De Criadero a Partido: Ojeada a la Historia de los Orígenes de Ponce: 1645-1810. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. 2015. p.101. José Benítez's position in Ponce was that of a teniente a guerra, a combination "military commandant/civil superintendent".Puerto Rican Poetry: A Selection from Aboriginal to Contemporary Times. Robert Márquez. University of Massachusetts Press. 2007. pp.55–57.
Later years On 20 March 1885, the Spanish governor in Puerto Rico, Luis Daban, informed the Spanish military commander in Ponce he had decided to withdraw the military located at the fort on a permanent basis and ordered the transfer of any pieces of artillery and ammunition stored there to San Juan, effectively decommissioning Fuerte de San José as a fortress.Eli D. Oquendo-Rodríguez. Pablo L. Crespo-Vargas, editor. A Orillas del Mar Caribe: Boceto histórico de la Playa de Ponce - Desde sus primeros habitantes hasta principios del siglo XX. First edition. June, 2017. Editorial Akelarre. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste de Puerto Rico (CEISCO). Lajas, Puerto Rico. Page 43. During the next few years, and as it deteriorated for lack of repair, it received some use by the local Ponce municipal guard that served Barrio Playa. It was still standing, but nonoperational, at the time of the American invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898, and was demolished in 1907 by order of the Puerto Rico Legislature in order to enlarge Calle Alfonso XII and make room for civilian population growth in that area.
The location of Fuerte San José is today occupied by Plaza 65 de Infantería, a small, passive, family-oriented plaza from where the Caribbean Sea can be observed. The location of the battery at El Peñoncillo is today (2019) the entrance to the dike-supported roadway that leads from mainland Puerto Rico to Club Náutico de Ponce on Isla Gatas, and the location for the third battery that was never built is today the protected area of Reserva Natural Punta Cucharas. No traces of any of the fortifications remain today (2019).
Historical timeline 1673 – Attacked by the French, killing Juan de Aliseda and taking Juan Silverio prisoner, both watchmen at the Ponce port. A group of 14 militiamen from Ponce then counterattacked, killing all the French invaders.Luis Caldera Ortiz. Nuevos hallazgos sobre el origen de Ponce. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste de Puerto Rico. 2019. p. 41. 1702 – Attacked by the Dutch via Guayanilla, leaving 38 Dutch death.Eli D. Oquendo Rodriguez. De Criadero a Partido: Ojeada a la Historia de los Orígenes de Ponce: 1645-1810. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. 2015. p.64. 1704 – An attack by 80 men in three English vessels is thwarted. 1734 – On 13 July, a Corsican ship owned by Luis Perez engages in a fight with pirate ships at the port of Ponce leaving several dead.Eli D. Oquendo-Rodríguez. Pablo L. Crespo-Vargas, editor. A Orillas del Mar Caribe: Boceto histórico de la Playa de Ponce - Desde sus primeros habitantes hasta principios del siglo XX. First edition. June, 2017. Editorial Akelarre. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste de Puerto Rico (CEISCO). Lajas, Puerto Rico. Page 16. 1742 – On 22 November, several civilians residents of Ponce perish at the hands of English pirates attempting to appropriate a shipment of merchandise belonging to a damaged merchant ship that had made a stop-over for repairs at the Port of Ponce. 1743 – An English schooner disembarks at Playa Bocachica but was repelled by a group of local residents. 1758 – On 16 December, a small group of military men from Ponce captured two sloops with contraband. 1760 – Fuerte de San José is built. 1794 – An artillery battery is built at El Peñoncillo. 1797: The Capitania del Puerto is established.Eli D. Oquendo-Rodríguez. Pablo L. Crespo-Vargas, editor. A Orillas del Mar Caribe: Boceto histórico de la Playa de Ponce - Desde sus primeros habitantes hasta principios del siglo XX. First edition. June, 2017. Editorial Akelarre. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste de Puerto Rico (CEISCO). Lajas, Puerto Rico. Page 18.