Víctor Manuel Vázquez Mireles (born 3 June 1967) is a Mexican drug lord and high-ranking member of the Gulf Cartel, a criminal group based in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Vázquez Mireles joined the cartel during the 1990s and was a trusted enforcer of former kingpin Osiel Cárdenas Guillén. He started his career in the cartel as one of his bodyguards and was eventually placed in charge of operations in Tamaulipas and Veracruz. He was reportedly responsible for supervising the purchase of drugs intended to be smuggled into the U.S. for distribution and for arranging the assistance of corrupt law enforcement officials in the cartel's operations.
In 1999, Vázquez Mireles and his associates threatened two U.S. agents at gunpoint in Matamoros after the agents traveled there with an informant to gather intelligence on the Gulf Cartel's operations. The agents and informant returned to the U.S. unharmed but this incident triggered a massive manhunt against Vázquez Mireles. He was arrested in March 2003 in Veracruz and sentenced to 7.5 years in November 2006. His conviction was later overturned and Vázquez Mireles remained without a sentence for nearly a decade. In March 2020, he was reported to have been released from custody and active in the cartel. He is a wanted fugitive in the U.S. for drug trafficking and assault.
Early life Víctor Manuel Vázquez Mireles was born on 3 June 1967 in Tamaulipas, Mexico; his birth certificate was registered in Matamoros the same year.
Criminal background In the 1990s, Vázquez Mireles was a member of the Gulf Cartel, a criminal group based in Tamaulipas. He held a leadership role in the cartel and was a close associate of the former kingpin Osiel Cárdenas Guillén. In the late 1990s, Vázquez Mireles met with Cárdenas Guillén and his henchman Arturo Guzmán Decena to plot the murder of high-ranking Gulf Cartel leader Ángel Salvador Gómez Herrera (alias "El Chava"). Both Gómez Herrera and Cárdenas Guillén were the two visible heads of the Gulf Cartel, but Cárdenas Guillén wanted El Chava dead. Gómez Herrera was invited to a meeting with the three in Matamoros, where he was killed. Vázquez Mireles was tasked with eliminating the remaining gangsters who reported to Gómez Herrera in Matamoros, and notifying the police of the location of his corpse. After Gómez Herrera was killed, Cárdenas Guillén became the top leader of the Gulf Cartel and Vázquez Mireles remained as one of his bodyguards.
Arrest and escape On 2 January 1999, the Federal Highway Police (PFC) (es) arrested Vázquez Mireles with a marijuana shipment at a park in Río Bravo, Tamaulipas. The marijuana was intended to be exported into the U.S. for further distribution. In Vázquez Mireles' court hearing, one police officer stated they arrested Vázquez Mireles alone while another officer contradicted this statement and said they arrested him with two other men. Considering the inconsistent testimonies and the alleged death threats the officers were receiving from the Gulf Cartel, the PFC was removed from Reynosa. Vázquez Mireles was imprisoned at the Penal de Reynosa, a low-security prison in Reynosa, where he only stayed for less than a month.
On 29 January 1999, while being transported from prison to court in Reynosa for a hearing, Vázquez Mireles was freed by gunmen of the Gulf Cartel. According to police reports, around fifteen gunmen intercepted the vehicle in which he was being transported and threatened the three policemen at gunpoint. The vehicle was forced to a stop and the gunmen took Vázquez Mireles in a separate vehicle and fled the area. The operation occurred at around 11:00 a.m. and approximately between and from the prison. The assailants were reportedly traveling in a marked vehicle from the Attorney General's Office (PGR) and were wearing PGR uniforms.
The prison's director blamed the three policemen for not taking the necessary logistical precautions and the judge who presided over Vázquez Mireles' case for not conducting the hearings inside the prison. The Tamaulipas State Police stated they interrogated Vázquez Mireles' lawyer because he knew of his court appearance schedule. The police also stated that the three officers who were assaulted by Vázquez Mireles' rescuers were suspects in the investigation. In response to his escape, a district court in Reynosa issued an arrest warrant against him on 1 February 1999.
Career and manhunt Federal authorities regarded Vázquez Mireles as the third-in-command within the Gulf Cartel. They suspected him of coordinating the purchase of narcotics intended to be smuggled into the U.S. through the Matamoros corridor. They also believed he managed the cartel's arrangements with corrupt officials who facilitated its operations in Matamoros. Under Cárdenas Guillén, Vázquez Mireles and Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez (alias "El Coss") headed two Gulf Cartel factions known as Sierras and Tangos. These groups provided armed protection to Vázquez Mireles and conducted a range of criminal activities for the Gulf Cartel. Its members used aliases and codes to ensure their anonymity. Vázquez Mireles used several aliases throughout his career, including El Meme, El Loco, Meme Loco, El Negro, and Cabezón.
On 9 November 1999, Vázquez Mireles and several of his associates, including Cárdenas Guillén, threatened two U.S. agents at gunpoint in Matamoros. The agents traveled there with an informant to gather intelligence on the operations of the Gulf Cartel but were intercepted by the criminal group. During the standoff, Cárdenas Guillén threatened to kill the U.S. agents and the informant but after a heated conversation they were allowed to return to the U.S. unharmed. This incident led to increased law enforcement efforts against Vázquez Mireles and other Gulf Cartel leaders. The informant who was with the U.S. agents was Juan Raúl Bermúdez Núñez, a journalist from a local newspaper in Matamoros. According to the journalist, Vázquez Mireles had met with the newspaper's management to discuss monthly bribes of US$500 in exchange for not publishing stories about the Gulf Cartel. He also stated that Cárdenas Guillén and his lawyer Galo Gaspar Pérez Canales accompanied Vázquez Mireles at these meetings.
After the standoff, Mexican security forces intensified their efforts to apprehend leaders of the Gulf Cartel. On 27 March 2002, high-ranking Gulf Cartel leader Adán Medrano Rodríguez (alias "El Licenciado") was arrested in Matamoros. Vázquez Mireles was cited by security forces as one of his potential replacements. Security forces increased their surveillance in Tamaulipas to apprehend more Gulf Cartel enforcers.
On 13 May 2002, Nuevo Laredo gangster Dionisio Román García Sánchez ("El Chacho") was kidnapped by a commando of approximately twenty Zetas members in Monterrey. The operation was headed by Vázquez Mireles. Police chief Arturo Pedroza Aguirre reportedly tipped off García Sánchez's whereabouts to Cárdenas Guillén and Los Zetas; he told them that García Sánchez was hiding in a residential neighborhood, and gave them the exact home address. Los Zetas acted on his information and abducted García Sánchez at his home along with four of his henchmen; one of his gunmen, Juvenal Sánchez Torres ("El Juve"), was killed during the operation. Los Zetas suffered one casualty after their gunman Raúl Alberto Trejo Benavides ("El Alvin") was mortally wounded. García Sánchez was taken to Tamaulipas and was found dead that same day in Río Bravo; he was tortured and mutilated by his captors.
On 18 December 2002, four anti-drug investigators disappeared near Miguel Alemán, reportedly in an operation conducted by members of the Gulf Cartel. Investigators suspected Vázquez Mireles may have been involved in their disappearance. According to the PGR, Vázquez Mireles was regional leader of the Gulf Cartel in Miguel Alemán and held a higher executive position than Zeferino Peña Cuéllar. He later transferred to Veracruz to assume the cartel's operations in that region. While in charge of Miguel Alemán, he also operated in Matamoros.
A few months after the disappearance case, on 3 March 2003, Mexican security forces dealt a huge blow against the Gulf Cartel by arresting Cárdenas Guillén in Matamoros. Authorities suspected Vázquez Mireles was one of his potential successors; the other potential successors identified were Costilla Sánchez and Gregorio Sauceda Gamboa (alias "El Caramuela"). A few weeks later, before he could potentially take power, Vázquez Mireles was arrested.
Indictments and sanctions Vázquez Mireles faced a variety of indictments in the U.S. and Mexico. On 1 February 1999, a court in Reynosa issued a re-apprehension warrant against Vázquez Mireles after he was rescued by suspected members of the Gulf Cartel. On 18 May 2002, a penal court in Mexico City issued an arrest warrant against Vázquez Mireles for his suspected involvement in organized crime, drug trafficking, conspiracy to murder, and for being in possession of military-exclusive firearms. In addition, on 10 June 2002, a penal court in the State of Mexico issued another arrest warrant against him for organized crime involvement and money laundering charges. In the U.S., the District Court for the Southern District of Texas in Brownsville filed a sealed indictment against Vázquez Mireles and other Gulf Cartel members on 14 March 2000. They were charged with two drug trafficking offenses and two counts of assault against U.S. law enforcement officers. The U.S. government issued an extradition request to the Mexican government for the charges against Vázquez Mireles there. The March indictment was unsealed on 14 December 2000. This indictment, however, was superseded on 9 April 2002 when Vázquez Mireles, along with other senior Gulf Cartel members, was charged by a court in Houston. In the new indictment, Vázquez Mireles was charged with multiple illegal marijuana and cocaine importations.
On 24 March 2010, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), a branch of the United States Department of the Treasury, sanctioned 54 high-ranking members of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, including Vázquez Mireles, under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (Kingpin Act). This sanction was made after U.S. and Mexican officials met in Mexico City the day before as part of the Mérida Initiative. It also included the support of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and their special operations team, which assisted the OFAC in identifying the designated suspects. The list of designated suspects included drug traffickers, money launders, hitmen, and enforcers. Several of them controlled drug trafficking operations in Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and other parts of Mexico, and had previous drug charges in the U.S.
Though Vázquez Mireles was already imprisoned in Mexico at the time of the sanction, he faced drug-related charges in the U.S. and was considered a fugitive. As part of the sanction, the U.S. government prohibited U.S. citizens from engaging in business activities with Vázquez Mireles and froze all of his U.S.-based assets. This was done to reduce his financial support to the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, and prevent him from having access to the international financial sector. Vázquez Mireles faced up to US$5 million in fines and up to 30 years in prison for such violations. In the release, the OFAC publicly named several of Vázquez Mireles' addresses in Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. In Nuevo León, the OFAC listed addresses in Guadalupe and San Nicolás de los Garza; in Tamaulipas, they listed in Matamoros and Tampico.
Re-arrest and aftermath