Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau are World Heritage Sites in Germany, comprising six separate sites which are associated with the Bauhaus art school. It was designated in 1996 with four initial sites, and in 2017 two further sites were added.
The Bauhaus was only in operation from 1919 until 1933 and it educated no more than 1,250 students, of whom only 155 actually graduated with a Bauhaus Diploma.Arts in Exil. Objects. Konrad Püschel:List of Names . Retrieved 24 April 2019Knorr, Susan; Kern, Ingolf; Welzbacher, Christian (2012) Bauhaus Reisebuch, Bonn: Dumont Nevertheless, the school revolutionized 20th century architectural and aesthetic thinking and practice.
"[The] buildings designed by the masters of the Bauhaus are fundamental representatives of Classical Modernism... For this reason, they are important monuments not only for art and culture, but also for the historic ideas of the 20th century." – Application for the extension of the UNESCO World Heritage Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar and Dessau, German delegation to UNESCO, December 2015.
Weimar Bauhaus campus, Weimar
The Bauhaus was founded in Weimar in 1919 by Walter Gropius and remained there until 1925 when it moved to Dessau due to political pressure.Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. History. Retrieved 29 December 2019 It was housed in two neighbouring buildings that had previously been two separate art schools, both designed in the Art Nouveau style by Henry van de Velde. These are: The 'Van de Velde' building, built 1905–06, for what was then the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts, a vocational arts school.Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. Van de Velde Building. Retrieved 29 December 2019 The 'Main Building', built 1904–11, for the Großherzoglich Sächsische Hochschule für Bildende Kunst (Grand-Ducal Saxon School for Fine Arts).Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. Main Building. Retrieved 2 January 2019
The Van de Velde building has reconstructed murals by Oskar Schlemmer, originally created for the 1923 Bauhaus exhibition, and it is noted for the unconventional lighting of its central stairwell.
The Main Building was restored by the German architect Thomas van den Valentyn in 1999. It has a sinuous, elliptical Art Nouveau main staircase. Walter Gropius' former office has been refitted with reconstructed furniture, fittings, and carpets.
After the Bauhaus in Weimar closed, the buildings were used by a number of successor arts-related educational institutions. Today, after various mergers, restructurings, and renamings, the present day Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, founded in 1996, operates on the former Bauhaus site, teaching art, design, and technology-related courses.
The site was designated a World Heritage Site in 1996. The buildings operate as a teaching facility, but tours of the exterior and interior of the site are offered by the Bauhaus University Weimar.Bauhaus University Weimar. Bauhaus Walk. Retrieved 29 December 2018
Haus am Horn
The Haus am Horn is a domestic house made of concrete and steel built for the first exhibition of work by the Bauhaus in 1923. The building was based on designs by Georg Muche, a painter and teacher at the school. It was the first building based entirely on Bauhaus design principles and it presented a revolutionary prototype for modern living.Klassik Stiftung Weimar. Haus am Horn . Retrieved 24 November 2018
In keeping with the Bauhaus philosophy of learning by practical experience, a number of staff and students were involved with the project, including Marcel Breuer, who was then a student, Alma Siedhoff-Buscher and László Moholy-Nagy. Every piece of furniture, including the lighting, was made in the Bauhaus workshops.Bauhaus100. Alma Siedhoff-Buscher . Retrieved 24 November 2018
It was included in the World Heritage site in 1996. Since August 2017 the building has been owned by the Klassik Stiftung Weimar. In 2018–19 the house was closed to the public for a major restoration. It was reopened on 18 May 2019.Bauhaus University Weimar. Freundekskreis. Haus am Horn. . Retrieved 25 November 2018Klassik Stifftung Weimar. Haus Am Horn ab 18. Mai 2019 wiedereröffnet. Retrieved 24 May 2019
Dessau
Bauhaus Dessau building
The Bauhaus Dessau is one of the iconic buildings of the 20th century. It was designed by Walter Gropius and was officially opened on 4 December 1926, having taken just over a year to build.Charrier, Julie (director) (2000) Architectures – Le Bauhaus de Dessau (Das Bauhaus von Dessau). Arte / French ministry of culture and communication / Centre Pompidou. (YouTube 28 min.). Retrieved 30 December 2018 It is "regarded as a 'built manifesto' of the Bauhaus's ideas, in which the functionality and aesthetics of the design coalesce to form a single entity".Markgraf, Monika (ed.) (2017) Bauhaus World Heritage Site. Leipzig: Spector Books
The building was commissioned by the city of Dessau, who financed the project and provided the building plot. The plans were drafted by Gropius's architectural firm as the Bauhaus did not have its own architecture department until 1927, but the interior fittings were made in the Bauhaus workshops.Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. The Bauhaus building by Walter Gropius (1925–26) . Retrieved 29 December 2019
Gropius was required to incorporate two schools into the building; the Bauhaus design school and a municipal vocational school. The building consists of several interconnecting wings which are positioned asymmetrically. These are: a three-storey workshop wing; a three-storey vocational school; a two-storey administration wing; an auditorium, stage and cafeteria, and a five-story studio wing. The facade is characterised by the use of non-load-bearing glass curtain walls, a further development to that used in the Fagus Factory, built 1911–1913, which Gropius and Adolf Meyer designed. Construction features such as columns and supporting joists can be seen in the interior of the building.
The five-storey studio wing, the "Prellerhaus", with 28 studio flats, each 20 m2, provided accommodation for students and junior masters. Bathroom and kitchen facilities were communal and there was a shared roof terrace. Sixteen of the studios had small balconies, whose regular symmetry characterises this wing of the building. Women lived on the first floor, the "ladies floor", whose residents included Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Gunta Stölzl and Anni Albers.Architectuul. Bauhaus Prellerhaus. Retrieved 30 December 2018 There were 140 students in total, so most of them had to seek accommodation in the inner city area of Dessau. In 1930, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, then the Bauhaus director, converted some studios into classrooms. The building was renovated in 2006 to return it to its original layout. The studios are now let as tourist accommodation.Bauhaus Dessau. Sleeping at the Bauhaus . Retrieved 30 December 2018
Due to political pressure, the Bauhaus Dessau closed in 1932 and Mies van der Rohe set up a privately funded Bauhaus in Berlin, although this also closed after less than a year. The Bauhaus building in Dessau was used as a school for teaching women cooking and sewing, and just before the beginning of World War II in 1939, it became a training school for officers of the Nazi Party. In 1941 it housed the press department of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers. In 1945 the school was damaged in an air raid. After the war it was partially repaired to make it usable as an educational institution, but without respect to the integrity of the building. It was not until 1972 that the East German government had the building listed as an historical monument. It underwent a restoration, led by Konrad Püschel, an architect who had trained at the Bauhaus.Püschel, Konrad (1997) Wege eines Bauhäuslers. Dessau: Anhaltische Verlagsgesellschaft mbH The glass curtain walling, auditorium, stage and cafeteria were restored. On 2 December 1976, 50 years after it first opened, the building was officially reopened for use as a science and culture centre, which included a collection of items from Bauhaus. Eighteen former Bauhaus students attended the ceremony.Sack, M. (10 December 1976) Feier ohne Fest: Die DDR erinnert sich an ein Stück deutscher Vergangenheit in Die Zeit
Bauhaus Dessau Foundation was founded in 1994 to research and preserve the heritage of the Bauhaus. The building was inscribed as part of the World Heritage site in 1996, after which extensive renovations were carried out. These were completed in 2006.
Today the north wing of the complex, where the vocational school was, is used by the Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, whose Dessau campus is next to the Bauhaus site.Wikiarquitectura. Bauhaus building in Dessau. Retrieved 30 December 2018Hochschule Anhalt. Campus. Retrieved 30 December 2016 The Bauhaus Dessau Foundation uses the rest of the building for its administration; housing a museum, a shop and the restored cafeteria; letting out the former student rooms as tourist accommodation; and hiring out other areas of the building, such as the auditorium, for seminars and conventions.Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. Service . Retrieved 30 December 2018
Meisterhäuser
The Meisterhäuser (Masters' houses) are a group of seven flat-roofed, cubic modernist houses about 600 metres from the Bauhaus Dessau building, designed by Walter Gropius for the senior staff of the Bauhaus. They were built in 1925–26 on commission from city of Dessau. They consisted of three pairs of semi-detached houses, and a detached house at the end of the row for Gropius, the school director.Bauhaus Dessau. Masters' houses by Walter Gropius (1925–26). Retrieved 29 December 2018 The houses were built within a small pine wood, with the aim of respecting the character of the landscape. The houses were spacious; the detached director's house was 350 m2, and others were over 250 m2. They had terraces and studios, as the artist-teachers were expected to work from home as well as on the school premises. In each semi-detached pair, the houses have the same layout, but they are turned at a 90 degree angle from each other, so they do not look symmetrical from the street.Lorch, Catrin (8 August 2019) "Gemälde in drei Dimensionen" in Süddeutsche Zeitung (Feuillteton, p.9)
Along with their families, the original residents were: Lyonel Feininger and László Moholy-Nagy who lived next door to Gropius (although Feininger never taught at the Bauhaus in Dessau); Oskar Schlemmer and Georg Muche lived in the next pair of houses; Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee lived in the last pair. Gropius and Maholy-Nagy fitted out their houses entirely with furniture designed by Marcel Breuer. Later residents included Hannes Meyer, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Josef and Anni Albers, Hinnerk Scheper and Alfred and Gertrud Arndt.
From 1932, when the Bauhaus in Dessau closed, the houses were rented out to other tenants. In 1945, towards the end of World War II, the director's house and one wing of the neighbouring house, where Maholy-Nagy had lived, were destroyed in an air raid. In 1948 a standard suburban house was built on the site of the director's house. The other houses were occupied, but they were altered and eventually fell into considerable disrepair.