Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus (died before 216 BC) was a politician during the Roman Republic. Born into the prominent patrician family of the Manlii Torquati, he had a distinguished career, becoming censor in 247 BC, then twice consul in 244 and 241 BC, and possibly princeps senatus in 220 BC. Despite these prestigious magistracies, little is known about his life. He was a commander who served during the First Punic War, and might have pushed for the continuation of the war even after Carthage had sued for peace following the Roman victory at the Aegate Islands in 241 BC. The same year, he suppressed the revolt of the Faliscans in central Italy, for which he was awarded a triumph. At this occasion, he may have introduced the cult of Juno Curitis at Rome.
Family background
Atticus belonged to the patrician gens Manlia, one of the most important gentes of the Republic. Members of the family had held 9 consulships and 14 consular tribuneships before him.Degrassi, Fasti Capitolini, pp. 28–57. Atticus' father and elder brother—both named Titus—are not known, but his grandfather—also named Titus—was consul in 299 and died during his magistracy.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 173, 174 (note 2).A plastron bearing an inscription dated 241 gives a different filiation for Atticus, described as the "son of Gaius". It is probably a mistake as the praenomen Gaius was never used by the Manlii. Cf. Flower, "Inscribed breastplate", pp. 225–230. Atticus was probably the uncle of his near-contemporary Titus Manlius Torquatus, like him twice consul in 235 and 224, censor in 231, and finally dictator in 208.Münzer, RE, vol. 27, p. 1207.
The cognomen Torquatus was first received by Atticus' great-great-grandfather Titus Manlius Imperiosus in 361 after he had defeated a Gaul in single combat, and took his torque as a trophy.Livy, vii. 10. The torque then became the emblem of the family, whose members proudly put it on the coins they minted. Imperiosus Torquatus was famous for his severity, by killing his own son after he had disobeyed him during a battle.Livy, viii. 7, 8.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 136, 137.
The agnomen Atticus is a reference to Attica and shows that he was influenced by the growing Philhellenism at Rome. He may have reached a good competence in Greek and showed it in his name.Gruen, Culture and National Identity, p. 230. Several other prominent politicians adopted a Greek cognomen during the middle Republic, such as Quintus Publilius Philo or Quintus Marcius Philippus.Oakley, Commentary on Livy IX, p. 424. The same cognomen was used two centuries later by Cicero's friend Titus Pomponius Atticus after his long residency in Athens.Cicero, De Finibus, v. 2.
Political career Censorship (247 BC) Atticus' first mention in history is his election as censor in 247, alongside Aulus Atilius Caiatinus, a plebeian with a distinguished career (twice consul in 258 and 254, dictator in 249). During the third century, the Manlii and the Atilii were the allies of the great patrician gens Fabia and members of these three gentes are often found together in the Fasti. Moreover, one of the consuls of 247 was Numerius Fabius Buteo. Friedrich Münzer furthermore suggested that Atticus was married to a Fabia.Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties, pp. 59, 60, 402 (note 61).
Atticus' accession to the censorship is exceptional because this magistracy was usually the pinnacle of a career at Rome, in theory reserved to former consuls (only six censors were in this situation between 312 and 31 BC).Ryan, Rank and Participation, p. 142. This election can be explained by the influence of the Fabii, as well as the dearth of available former patrician consuls in the context of the First Punic War, as experienced commanders were needed on the field and several consuls had died in battle. Caiatinus was likely the most influential of the pair, as Atticus was a younger man. He is additionally recorded as the censor prior in the Fasti, which means the Centuriate Assembly elected him before Atticus.Degrassi, Fasti Capitolini, pp. 56, 57.Suolahti, Roman Censors, pp. 550, 551.
The censors completed the 38th lustrum and registered 241,212 Roman citizens, a sharp decline from the previous census (in 252), which numbered 297,797 citizens.Livy, Periochae, 18, 19. The defeats at Drepana and Lilybaeum combined with war attrition took a heavy toll on the Roman citizenry.Scullard, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 7, part 2, pp. 563–564. There is a typo in the book, as Scullard meant the census of 247, not 237 (there was no census that year). Finally, the censors drew the lectio—the list of senators—and named the princeps senatus. They might have chosen at this occasion Gnaeus Cornelius Blasio but it is also possible that he was appointed at the next lectio in 241.Ryan, Rank and Participation, pp. 219–221, 223.
First consulship (244 BC) Atticus was elected consul for the first time in 244 together with Gaius Sempronius Blaesus, a plebeian who had already been consul in 253.Broughton, vol. I, p. 217. Atticus is described by Cassiodorus—who relied on Livy for his list of consuls—as the consul prior.Cassiodorus, Chronica, L. 310 .Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names", p. 6. Marcus Fabius Buteo was consul the previous year with another Atilius—Gaius Bulbus—and might have played a role in the election of Atticus and Blaesius.Suolahti, Roman Censors, p. 283. Nothing is known on their activity as consuls; they possibly served in Sicily, where most of the operations of the First Punic War took place that year. The two colonies of Brundisium and Fregenae were founded during their term.Velleius, i. 14.
Second consulship (241 BC) Atticus was elected consul a second time in 241, alongside the plebeian Quintus Lutatius Cerco.Broughton, vol. I, p. 219. The latter was the brother of Gaius Lutatius Catulus who won the Battle of the Aegate Islands at the end of his consulship, on 10 March 241 (magistrates took office on 1 May at that time).Eutropius, ii. 27.Broughton, vol. I, p. 218.Pina Polo, Consul at Rome, pp. 13–20, who however notes the uncertainty on the consuls' exact dates before 217 BC. Cassiodorus and Eutropius (who also relied on Livy) tell that Cerco was the consul prior and Atticus posterior, but in the Fasti Capitolini Atticus was moved to first place.Eutropius, ii. 28.Cassiodorus, Chronica, L. 313 . The Fasti were made under Augustus by the College of Pontiffs, whose members often moved their ancestors to first place in order to enhance the prestige of their family—a policy supported by Augustus who tried to revive several prominent patrician families—since being elected prior was the subject of great pride.Taylor & Broughton, "Order of the Consuls' Names", p. 166. The Augustan pontiff Aulus Manlius Torquatus was thus responsible for the promotion of Atticus in the Fasti, as well as several other members of his family.Taylor, "Augustan Editing", pp. 76, 79 (note 13).Mitchell, "The Torquati", p. 27.
Zonaras tells that Catulus made a first treaty with Hamilcar after his victory, a few days before the end of his consulship, so he could be the one who ended the war. However, he and Polybius add that the "people of Rome" rejected the treaty, so his brother Cerco negotiated harsher terms upon Carthage after he entered office.Polybius, i. 63.Zonaras, viii. 17. Adam Ziolkowski thinks that "the people" in fact showed its opposition by electing a consul who was against the treaty of Catulus; since Cerco could not have contradicted his brother, it means that the opposition came from Atticus, who wished to continue the war. Nevertheless, Atticus had to give way and accept making peace, but obtained additional clauses in the new treaty.Ziolkowski, Temples of mid-Republican Rome, pp. 41–45.Wardle "Valerius Maximus", pp. 382–384, who follows Ziolkowski on this point.Miano, Fortuna, p. 25 (note 25). Miano rejects Ziolkowski's theory on the ground that there are not enough sources to support it. This compromise might still have been considered too lenient towards Carthage by a faction in the senate, hence why Rome took Sardinia a few years later.Bleckmann, Die römische Nobilität, p. 223. Incidentally, Sardinia was conquered by Atticus' nephew Titus Manlius Torquatus in 235. Cerco's and Atticus' consulship was marked by natural disasters in Rome, which according to Orosius "almost destroyed the City".Orosius, iv. 11. He adds that the Tiber river overflowed and crushed all the buildings located in the plain. This flood was particularly devastating because at this time most buildings were made in wood and clay, which are vulnerable to water.Aldrete, Floods of the Tiber, pp. 111, 112. A major fire also ravaged the Temple of Vesta and most of the area around the Forum. The Pontifex Maximus—Lucius Caecilius Metellus—almost died while trying to save the palladium from the burning temple.Livy, Periochae, 19. Ancient authors tell that the Faliscans—an Italic people living in Southern Etruria—revolted in order to take advantage of the situation.Polybius, i. 65.Livy, Periochae, 20.Zonaras, viii. 18. The real cause is more probably the expiration of a 50-year treaty concluded in 293.Walbank, Commentary on Polybius, vol. I, p. 131. E. S. Staveley even considers that this war was part of a deliberate strategy from Rome to tighten its control of Etruria. He notes that the censors of 241 built the Via Aurelia which went northwards from Rome to Pisa and founded colonies in the area.Staveley, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, p. 431.
According to Zonaras, Atticus had some difficulties overcoming the Faliscans in his first battle against them, as they defeated his infantry; the cavalry nonetheless saved the situation. He had a better result in the second battle, which ended the campaign after only six days. The consuls seized the Faliscans' horses, slaves, arms, half of their territory and displaced their capital of Falerii to a defenceless location at Falerii Novii. Zonaras' account describes Atticus as sole commander, but Cerco and Atticus were both awarded a triumph for the victory, respectively celebrated on 1 and 4 March 240.Degrassi, Fasti Capitolini, p. 101.Keay et al., "Falerii Novi", pp. 1, 2.Konrad, "Lutatius and the 'Sortes Praenestinae'", p. 168. The two consuls are also named together on a Faliscan bronze breastplate with an inscription saying "captured at Falerii" (as booty).Zimmerman, "La fin de Falerii Veteres", p. 41.Flower, "Inscribed breastplate", pp. 225, 230, 232. The full inscription reads:Q. LVTATIO C. F. A. MANLIO C. F.CONSOLIBVS FALERIES CAPTO. The patron-goddess of Falerii was Iuno Curritis, whom Atticus brought to Rome by founding a temple dedicated to her on the Campus Martius (its exact location is still unknown), while Cerco founded the Temple of Fortuna Publica on the Quirinal Hill.Ziolkowski, Temples of mid-Republican Rome, pp. 40–45, 62–67. Both consuls were likely fulfilling a vow to these goddesses that they had made on the battlefield.Leach, "Fortune's Extremities", p. 112.