Mesa ( ) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 504,258 at the 2020 census. It is the third-most populous city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the 38th-most populous city in the U.S., and the most populous city that is not a county seat (except for independent cities Washington, D.C. and Baltimore which are not part of any county). It is the most populous city in the East Valley of the Phoenix metropolitan area. It borders Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek, and Apache Junction on the east.
At least ten colleges and universities were located in Mesa, as is the Mesa Arizona Temple, one of the first Mormon temples constructed outside of Utah. The city is home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area, Mesa Gateway Airport, located in the southeastern corner of the city.
History
The history of Mesa dates back at least 2,000 years to the arrival of the Hohokam culture. The Hohokam built the original canal system. The canals were the largest and most sophisticated in the prehistoric New World. Some were up to wide and deep at their head gates, extending for as far as across the desert. By 1100 CE, water could be delivered to an area over , transforming the Sonoran Desert into an agricultural oasis. By 1450, the Hohokam had constructed hundreds of miles of canals, many of which are still in use.
After the disappearance of the Hohokam and before the arrival of the early settlers, little is known; explorers did not venture into this area. By the late 19th century near present-day Mesa, U.S. Army troops relocated the Apache, opening the way for settlement.
In March 1877, Mormon pioneer Daniel Webster Jones and Henry Clay Rogers left St. George, Utah. Jones had been asked by Mormon officials to direct a party of people in establishing a settlement in Arizona. They traveled south and settled on the north side of the present Mesa area. This settlement was initially known as Fort Utah and later as Jonesville. It was located near Lehi Road. In 1883, it was named Lehi at the suggestion of Brigham Young, Jr.
About this same time, another group dubbed the First Mesa Company arrived from Utah and Idaho. Their leaders were Francis Martin Pomeroy, Charles Crismon, George Warren Sirrine and Charles I. Robson. Rather than accepting an invitation to settle at Jones's Lehi settlement, they moved up onto the mesa that serves as the city's namesake. They dug irrigation canals and used some of the original Hohokam canals. By April 1878, water was flowing through them. The Second Mesa Company arrived in 1879 and settled to the west of the First Mesa Company because of more available farmland. This settlement was originally called Alma and later Stringtown. It was located near Alma School Road.
On July 17, 1878, Mesa City was registered as a townsite. The first school was built in 1879. In 1883, Mesa City was incorporated with a population of 300 people. Dr. A. J. Chandler, who would later go on to found the city of Chandler, worked on widening the Mesa Canal in 1895 to allow for enough flow to build a power plant. In 1917, the city of Mesa purchased this utility company. The revenues from the company provided enough for capital expenditures until the 1960s. During the Great Depression, WPA funds provided paved streets, a new hospital, a new town hall and a library.
After the founding of the city, the elected official that most impacted the municipality was George Nicholas Goodman. He was mayor five different times during three different decades (1938–1942, 1946–1948, 1952–1956) (see: List of mayors of Mesa, Arizona). As mayor, he was directly involved in the process of acquiring land for both Falcon Field and Williams Field.
With the opening of Falcon Field and Williams Field in the early 1940s, more military personnel began to move into the Mesa area. With the advent of air conditioning and the rise of tourism, population growth exploded in Mesa as well as the rest of the Phoenix area. Industry—especially early aerospace companies—grew in the 1950s and 1960s. As late as 1960, half of the residents of Mesa made a living with agriculture, but that number declined substantially as Mesa's suburban growth continued on track with the rest of the Phoenix metro area.
Geography
Defining east and west Mesa Mesa stretches from Price Road in the west to Meridian Road in the east and has a land area of . Mesa employs a grid system for street numbering that is different from that used in Phoenix and other portions of the metropolitan area. Center Street, running north to south, bisects Mesa into eastern and western halves and serves as the east and west numbering point of origin within Mesa. Streets west of Center St., such as W. University Drive or W. Main St. are considered to be in West Mesa, whereas streets east of Center St., such as E. University or E. Main St., are considered to be in East Mesa.
Climate Located in the Sonoran Desert, Mesa has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with mild winters and very hot summers.
Climate data for MesaMonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearMean daily daylight hours10.011.012.013.014.014.514.013.512.511.510.510.012.2Source: Weather Atlas
Demographics
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mesa city, Arizona – racial and ethnic composition !Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) ! !2010 !2000 !1990 !1980 |- |White alone (NH) |style='background: #ffffe6; |59.6%(300,502) |64.3%(282,505) |73.2%(290,180) |84.9%(244,577) |88.1%(134,317) |- |Black alone (NH) |style='background: #ffffe6; |3.9%(18,819) |3.2%(14,101) |2.4%(9,377) |1.8%(5,146) |1.2%(1,834) |- |American Indian alone (NH) |style='background: #ffffe6; |1.9%(9,754) |1.9%(8,359) |1.4%(5,454) |0.9%(2,621) |0.6%(961) |- |Asian alone (NH) |style='background: #ffffe6; |2.5%(12,725) |1.9%(8,174) |1.5%(5,755) | |1.4%(4,140) | |0.8%(1,290) |- |Pacific Islander alone (NH) |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.4%(1,892) |0.4%(1,532) |0.2%(874) |- |Other race alone (NH) |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.5%(2,250) |0.1%(555) |0.1%(402) |0.1%(250) |0.1%(161) |- |Multiracial (NH) |style='background: #ffffe6; |3.9%(19,826) |1.8%(8,062) |1.5%(6,052) |— |— |- |Hispanic/Latino (any race) |style='background: #ffffe6; |27.3%(137,490) |26.4%(115,753) |19.8%(78,281) |10.9%(31,357) |9.1%(13,890)
2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 439,041 people, 146,643 households, and 99,863 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 175,701 housing units at an average density of .
The racial make-up of the city was 81.6% White, 2.4% Black or African American, 2.2% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.3% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. 24.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 146,643 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.20.
The age distribution was 27.3% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $42,817, and the median income for a family was $49,232. Males had a median income of $35,960 versus $27,005 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,601. About 6.2% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.
Government
The Mesa City Charter of 1967 established a council-manager government consisting of a mayor and six councilmembers who appoint a city manager, city clerk, city attorney, auditor, and magistrates. The city manager administers and staffs various departments. The council can also appoint citizens to advisory boards, commissions, and committees.
In May 1998 voters approved Proposition 100, which created six geographical council districts. Councilmembers are elected to represent these districts for four year terms. The mayor is elected to represent the city at large and also has a four-year term. Both councilmembers and mayors cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. A partial term does not count towards these two consecutive terms; for instance, Mayor John Giles served a partial term from 2014 to 2016 then served two consecutive terms from 2016 to 2024.
Political climate In a 2014 study, academic researchers from MIT and UCLA analyzed over a decade's worth of public opinion surveys. They determined that Mesa was the "most conservative American city of more than 250,000 residents". In 2017, the Pew Research Center also determined that Mesa was the most conservative city in the United States.
Economy Top employers According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
# Employer EmployeesPercentage of Total City Employment1Mesa Public Schools7,7264.35%2Banner Health6,8263.84%3The Boeing Company3,9452.22%4City of Mesa3,5792.02%5Walmart3,2691.84%6Fry's Food and Drug1,3710.77%7DriveTime Automotive Group1,3670.77%8The Home Depot1,3090.74%9Maricopa County Community College1,2150.68%10Gilbert Public Schools1,0040.57%
Cultural attractions
Hohokam Stadium, home of the Athletics and former home of the Chicago Cubs during the Cactus League Sloan Park, the Cactus League spring training home of the Chicago Cubs Mesa Arts Center Mesa Amphitheater Museums I.d.e.a. Museum CAF Airbase Arizona, located at Falcon Field Mesa Contemporary Arts Museum, Mesa Arts Center Mesa Historical Museum Arizona Museum of Natural History Archeological sites Mesa Grande Ruins Park of the Canals Public libraries Main Library Dobson Ranch Branch Mesa Express Library Red Mountain Branch Water parks Golfland Sunsplash waterpark on U.S. 60 The only highrise in Mesa is the Bank of America (formerly Western Savings) building near Fiesta Mall. Organ Stop Pizza, containing the world's largest Wurlitzer organ Arizona Athletic Grounds a 320-acre sports and recreation complex
Historic properties in Mesa
Numerous properties in the city are considered to be historical and have been included either in the National Register of Historic Places or the listings of the Mesa Historic Properties.
Parks and recreation Mesa has over 2,280 acres of parkland in the city limits. Its largest is Red Mountain Park which spans 1,146 acres. It includes a lake, playgrounds, a basketball court and a cement volleyball court."Red Mountain Park" City of Mesa, Arizona. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Golf Mesa is home to numerous championship golf courses, including the original course in town, Mesa Country Club. This course was founded in the late 1940s by the original leaders of the town.
West Mesa
The abandoned Fiesta Mall is located in West Mesa and owned by Westcor. Its anchors were Sears and Best Buy. It is located near several shopping centers, Mesa's Bank of America, and other retail stores, banks, and restaurants. Though deserted, a refurbishment and expansion of the mall has been planned.
Mesa Riverview is an outdoor destination retail center in the northwestern corner of the city, near Loop 202 and Dobson Road. The center includes of retail space.
East Mesa