The Hakka Pinyin Scheme (客家話拼音方案) or Pinfa refers to a romanization scheme published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in September 1960 as one of four systems collectively referred to as Guangdong Romanization. The scheme describes the Meixian dialect spoken in Meizhou, Guangdong, which is considered to be the prestige dialect of Hakka, and was later adapted for Gan and Xiang. This system utilizes the Latin alphabet with superscript numbers to represent tone.
System Letters This system uses the Latin alphabet, excluding the letters and . It also adds the letter to represent [ɛ].
Initials There are 20 initials used, in addition to the null initial which occurs when no consonant is in the initial position. These are shown below:
b [p] 波p [pʰ] 婆m [m] 摸f [f] 火d [t] 多t [tʰ] 拖n [n] 挪l [l] 羅g [k] 哥k [kʰ] 科ng [ŋ] 我h [h] 河j [t͡si-] 擠q [t͡sʰi-] 妻x [si-] 西 v [ʋ] 窩z [t͡s] 資c [t͡sʰ] 雌s [s] 思 y [j] 音
The letter which follows the consonants , and , represents [ɨ] e.g. 資 zi1, 雌 ci1, 思 si1.
Finals There are a total of 74 finals, shown below:
i [ɨ]/[ɹ̩] 資i [i] 衣u [u] 姑a [a] 阿ia [ia] 也ua [ua] 掛o [ɔ] 哦io [iɔ] 喲uo [uɔ] 過ê [ɛ] 這iê [iɛ] (撒)uê [uɛ] 穢ai [ai] 挨iai [iai] 椰uai [uai] 怪oi [ɔi] 哀 au [au] 凹iau [iau] 腰êu [ɛu] 歐 iu [iu] 有 iui [iui] 銳ui [ui] 貴am [am] 庵iam [iam] 淹êm [ɛm] 砧 em [əm] 針im [im] 陰an [an] 班ian [ian] 煙uan [uan] 關on [ɔn] 安ion [iɔn] 阮uon [uɔn] 管ên [ɛn] 恩iên [iɛn] 邊uên [uɛn] 耿en [ən] 真in [in] 因 iun [iun] 允un [un] 敦ang [aŋ] 冷iang [iaŋ] 影uang [uaŋ] 礦ong [ɔŋ]} 江iong [iɔŋ] 央uong [uɔŋ] 光 iung [iuŋ] 雍ung [uŋ] 工ab [ap] 鴨iab [iap] 葉 êb [ɛp] 粒 eb [əp] 汁ib [ip] 邑ad [at] 八iad [iat] 乙uad [uat] 刮od [ɔt] 遏 êd [ɛt] 北iêd [iɛt] 鱉uêd [uɛt] 國ed [ət] 質id [it] 一 iud [iut] (郁) ud [ut] 骨ag [ak] 扼iag [iak] 錫uag [uak] □og [ɔk] 惡iog [iɔk] 約uog [uɔk] 郭 iug [iuk] 育ug [uk] 督m [m] 唔n [n] 五
In the instance where a final beginning with such as etc. without an initial consonant (null initial) the is replaced with , e.g. , , etc.
Tones Tone class陰平陽平上聲去聲陰入陽入Tone number123456Tone letter˦˩˧˩˥˨˩˥Tone contour441131521155Example夫fu1扶fu2府fu3富fu4福fug5 服fug6
See also Guangdong Romanization Hakka Chinese Meixian dialect Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Hakka Pinyin System Hagfa Pinyim
References
Further reading