Victims of the White Terror (Spain)

In the history of Spain, the White Terror was the series of assassinations realized by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), and during the first nine years of the régime of General Francisco Franco.Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2006), pp.89–94. Thousands of victims are buried in hundreds of unmarked common graves (over 2,000), more than 600 in Andalusia alone.Moreno Gómez, F. (2008). 1936: el genocidio franquista en Córdoba. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica. p.11 The largest of these is the common grave at San Rafael cemetery on the outskirts of Málaga (with perhaps more than 4,000 bodies). The Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Historica or ARMH)"Opening Franco's Graves", by Mike Elkin Archaeology Volume 59 Number 5, September/October 2006. Archaeological Institute of America says that the number of disappeared is over 35,000.Silva, Emilio. Las fosas de Franco. Crónica de un desagravio. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. 2006. Madrid. p. 110

Concrete figures do not exist, as many supporters and sympathizers of the Republic fled Spain after losing the Civil War. Furthermore, the Francoist government destroyed thousands of documents relating to the White TerrorPreston, P. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. London: Harper Perennial. p.316Espinosa Maestre, F. (2006). La justicia de Queipo. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica. p.4Espinosa Maestre, F. (2006). Contra el olvido. Historia y memoria de la guerra civil. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica. p.131 and tried to hide the executions of the Republicans.Preston, P. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. London: Harper Perennial. pp.315-316Fontana, J. (Ed.). (1986). España bajo el franquismo: coloquio celebrado en la universidad de Valencia, noviembre de 1984. Universidad; Crítica: Departamento de Historia Contemporánea. p.22Espinosa Maestre, F. (2006). La justicia de Queipo. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica. pp.172-173 Gabriel Jackson states that:Jackson, G. (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939 Princeton: Princeton University Press. p.534

Scholarly estimates of the White Terror's death toll There is no concrete number, but there is a variety estimates of those murdered during the Francoist Repression. Estimate Sources~58,000 - <60,000Ramón Salas Larrazábal

Warren H. Carroll

Marek Jan Chodakiewicz~65,000Paweł Machcewicz83,000Pio Moa Martín Rubio 150,000 Julían CasanovaMaestre, F. E., Casanova, J., Mir, C., & Gómez, F. M. (2004). Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco. Grupo Planeta (GBS). p.8"Victimas de la guerra civil" (1999)Juliá, S., & Casanova, J. (1999). Víctimas de la guerra civil. Madrid: Temas de Hoy. pp.411-412 175,000 Josep Fontana Hugh ThomasThomas, H. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books: London. pp.900-901 180,000 Paul PrestonPreston, P. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. Harper Perennial: London. p.202 200,000 Antony BeevorBeevor, A. (2006) The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Penguin Books: London. p.94 400,000 Gabriel JacksonJackson, G. (1967). The Spanish republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p.539 Michael RichardsRichards, M. (1998). A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945. Cambridge University Press. p.11.

Deaths from the White Terror in individual regions and provinces There are, however, concrete regional and partial figures as compared to the figures to the amount killed in Spain overall. For example, in the province of Córdoba the victims of the White Terror number 9,579Preston, P. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. London: Harper Perennial. p.202 (the historian Francisco Moreno Gómez has increased the number to 11,581).Moreno Gómez, F. (2008). 1936: el genocidio franquista en Córdoba. Editorial Crítica. p. 585.Publico.es On the other hand, the victims of the Red Terror in the same province come to 2,060. According to the historian Francisco Espinosa, the victims of the Nationalists in only five Spanish provinces (Seville, Cádiz, Huelva, a part of Badajoz and a part of Cordoba) out of fifty were 25,000.Espinosa Mestre, F. (2006). La justicia de Queipo. Editorial Crítica. p.269 The historian Paul Preston says that the number of victims judicially executed in 36 out 50 Spanish provinces were 92,462 (many other victims were executed without a trial).Preston, P. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. London: Harper Perennial. p.302 They died either as a result of the Nationalist repression during the war or as a result of the Francoist State's repression after the war.Beevor, A. (2006). The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p.94. Other provincial number breakdowns are as follows: