Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea', isolate McG1 is a species of Streptomyces, that originates from a folk cure (ethnopharmacology) in the townland of Toneel North in Boho, County Fermanagh. This area was previously occupied by the Druids (~1500 years ago) and before this neolithic people (~ 3,700 years ago) who engraved the nearby Reyfad stones. Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea' is inhibitory to many species of ESKAPE pathogens, can grow at high pH (10.5) and can tolerate relatively high levels of radioactivity.
Physiology and morphology Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea' isolate McG1 has light green to white spores and hyphae when cultivated on SFM agar. The colonies of Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea' have a distinctly dusty appearance and produce an aroma similar to germaline on maturation. This bacteria produces many spores, approximately 0.5-1.0 micrometers in width which form in straight chains.
Ecology Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea' isolate McG1 was discovered in an alkaline, species rich environment. This bacteria grows at a maximum pH of 10.5, and is therefore alkaliphilic. The bacteria tolerate higher levels of alkalinity but do not thrive. Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea' can also withstand relatively high levels of radiation (up to 4kGy. This may be related to the underlying limestone and shale substrata which emits radon gas.
Antibiotic production Only antibiotic gene synthesis clusters have been identified in Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea'; the antibiotics actually produced in-situ have yet to be identified. Streptomyces sp. McG1 is broadly inhibitory to both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, (a critical pathogen on the World Health Organization priority pathogens list), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (listed as high priority) and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea' has limited effects against strains of Enterococcus faecium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Alkaline tolerance Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea' may be able to flourish in an alkaline environment because it contains many genes similar to those associated with alkaline tolerance in other bacterial species.
Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea' list of alkaline tolerance genes: Gene Protein 504 Alkaline shock protein 23 6561 Alkaline shock protein 23 1049 Ammonium/H+ antiporter subunit amhM 2800 Aspartate/alanine antiporter 2801 Aspartate/alanine antiporter 6218 Aspartate/alanine antiporter 3284 Enhanced intracellular survival protein 159 K+/H+ antiporter nhaP 3788 K+/H+ antiporter nhaP2 1050 K+/H+ antiporter yhaU 2193 K+/H+ antiporter yhaU 1325 K+ insensitive pyrophosphate- energized proton pump 923 Multidrug resistance protein mdtH 3240 Multidrug resistance protein mdtH 3252 Multidrug resistance protein mdtH 6781 Multidrug resistance protein mdtH 1282 Na+/H+ antiporter nhaA 4210 Na+/H+ antiporter subunit A 4211 Na+/H+ antiporter subunit C 4212 Na+/H+ antiporter subunit D 4215 Na+/H+ antiporter subunit G 660 Na+/(H+or K+) antiporter gerN 3425 Na+/(H+or K+) antiporter gerN 7210 putative Na+/H+ exchanger 1727 Sodium, potassium, lithium and rubidium/H+ antiporter
In-vitro antibiotic resistance The presence of antibiotic resistance genes is often linked to the production of antibiotics. Stretpomyces sp. 'myrophorea' has been recorded to be resistant to 28 antibiotics and sensitive to eight antibiotics in one series of tests. The antibiotics were tested at breakpoint concentrations recommended by The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing - EUCAST, to test antimicrobial susceptibility.
Antibiotic sensitivity of Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea': Sensitivities recorded as: Sensitivite (S), Resistant (R) or Intermediate (I).
Antibiotic Quantity (μg) Sensitivity Amikacin 30 S Ampicillin 30 R Ampicillin + sulbactam 20 R Augmentin 30 R Apromycin 20 R Carbenicillin 20 R Cefepime 30 R Ceftazidime 10 R Ceftibuten 30 R Cefoxitin 30 R Ceftriaxone 30 R Cefuroxime 30 R Cefurin 5 R Ciprofloxacin 5 R Clavuranic acid 10 R Ertapenem 10 R Erythromycin 15 I Gentamicin 10 S Imipenem 10 R Kanamycin 20 R Linezolid 10 I Meropenem 10 R Mupiricin 200 R Netilmicin 10 S Nitrofurantoin 100 R Novobiocin 5 R Piperacillin + tazobactam 36 R Quinpristin + dalropristin 5 R Rifampicin 5 R Streptomycin 20 R Tigecycline 15 R Tetracycline 20 R Trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole 25 R Vancomycin 5 R
Whole genome sequencing The genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. 'myrophorea', isolate McG1 was deposited at the NCBI (TaxID 2099643), Biosample accession number SAMN08518548, BioProject accession number PRJNA433829, Submission ID: SUB3653175 Locus tag prefix: C4625. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/433829. Link to NCBI sequence read archive (SRA) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra?LinkName=biosample_sra&from_uid=8518548 Copies of this bacteria are deposited in the National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC), UK and the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) GmbH, Germany.
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