Álava () is one of the 59 constituencies represented in the Senate of Spain, the upper chamber of the Spanish parliament, the . The constituency (whose boundaries correspond to those of the homonymous province) elects four senators. The electoral system uses open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. Electors can vote for up to three candidates.

Electoral system The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Law and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Law provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Senate,. with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978.. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales..

Voting is based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age with full political rights, provided that they have not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence.. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over 21 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights.; . Amendments in 2011 required non-resident citizens to apply for voting, a system known as "begged" voting ().. which was abolished in 2022. Further, amendments in 2018 granted the right to vote to those legally incapacitated. 209 Senate seats (207 in 1977, 208 from 1978 to 2026) are elected using open-list partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing four seats can choose up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, up to two; and in single-member districts, one. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces is allocated four seats, while in insular provinces—such as the Balearic and Canary Islands—the districts are the islands themselves, with the larger ones (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller ones (Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elect two seats each.; ; . Until 1985, the law also provided for by-elections to fill Senate seats vacated up to two years into the legislature; subsequently, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term are filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.; .

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance are required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call—15 before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one permille of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list. Also since 2011, parties, federations or alliances that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.; . Amendments in 2007 required a balanced composition of men and women in the electoral lists, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition; further amendments in 2024 required the use of a zipper system..

Senators Senators for Álava 1977– Legislature Election Distribution Constituent 1977 3 1 1st 1979 2 2 2nd 1982 3 1 3rd 1986 3 1 4th 1989 3 1 5th 1993 3 1 6th 1996 1 3 7th 2000 1 3 8th 2004 3 1 9th 2008 3 1 10th 2011 1 3 11th 2015 3 1 12th 2016 3 1 13th 2019 (Apr) 1 3 14th 2019 (Nov) 1 3 15th 2023 1 3

General elections 2023 + Summary of the 23 July 2023 Senate of Spain election results in Álava Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 130,754 27.00 +4.63 3 +2 Basque Country Gather–Left for Independence (EH Bildu–IE) 101,123 20.88 +4.01 1 +1 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 88,620 18.30 −7.97 0 −3 People's Party (PP) 87,136 18.00 +2.12 0 ±0 Unite (Sumar)1 52,177 10.78 −3.29 0 ±0 Vox (Vox) 16,906 3.49 +2.30 0 ±0 Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB) 2,782 0.57 New 0 ±0 Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 1,769 0.37 −0.39 0 ±0 Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 597 0.12 −0.07 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK) 538 0.11 −0.01 0 ±0 For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 310 0.06 −0.11 0 ±0 Blank ballots 1,497 0.90 −0.35 Total 484,209 4 ±0 Valid votes 167,055 98.01 +0.03 Invalid votes 3,391 1.99 −0.03 Votes cast / turnout 170,446 65.50 −0.95 Abstentions 89,768 34.50 +0.95 Registered voters 260,214 Sources

November 2019 + Summary of the 10 November 2019 Senate of Spain election results in Álava Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 126,270 26.27 +1.99 3 ±0 Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 107,532 22.37 +0.23 1 ±0 Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 81,106 16.87 +2.32 0 ±0 People's Party (PP) 76,326 15.88 +1.91 0 ±0 United We Can (Podemos–IU) 67,616 14.07 −2.09 0 ±0 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 8,089 1.68 −2.02 0 ±0 Vox (Vox) 5,735 1.19 −1.67 0 ±0 Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3,632 0.76 −0.60 0 ±0 Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 931 0.19 −0.02 0 ±0 For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 798 0.17 −0.02 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK) 576 0.12 −0.01 0 ±0 Blank ballots 2,102 1.25 −0.08 Total 480,713 4 ±0 Valid votes 168,291 97.98 +0.42 Invalid votes 3,478 2.02 −0.42 Votes cast / turnout 171,769 66.45 −3.04 Abstentions 86,726 33.55 +3.04 Registered voters 258,495 Sources

April 2019 + Summary of the 28 April 2019 Senate of Spain election results in Álava Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 122,558 24.28 +5.99 3 +3 Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 111,752 22.14 +5.82 1 +1 United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo Berdeak) 81,548 16.16 −11.76 0 −3 Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 73,438 14.55 +3.23 0 ±0 People's Party (PP) 70,519 13.97 −7.77 0 −1 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 18,660 3.70 +1.99 0 ±0 Vox (Vox) 14,431 2.86 +2.75 0 ±0 Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 6,849 1.36 −0.14 0 ±0 Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,082 0.21 −0.08 0 ±0 For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 966 0.19 New 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK) 646 0.13 New 0 ±0 Blank ballots 2,330 1.33 −0.46 Total 504,779 4 ±0 Valid votes 174,772 97.56 +0.16 Invalid votes 4,378 2.44 −0.16 Votes cast / turnout 179,150 69.49 +3.31 Abstentions 78,647 30.51 −3.31 Registered voters 257,797 Sources

2016 + Summary of the 26 June 2016 Senate of Spain election results in Álava Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− United We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu–IU–Equo)1 129,067 27.92 +1.04 3 ±0 People's Party (PP) 100,483 21.74 +2.54 1 ±0 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 84,567 18.29 +0.75 0 ±0 Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 75,455 16.32 +2.23 0 ±0 Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 52,314 11.32 −2.16 0 ±0 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 7,896 1.71 −3.24 0 ±0 Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 6,940 1.50 +0.32 0 ±0 Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,335 0.29 +0.04 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 581 0.13 New 0 ±0 Vox (Vox) 503 0.11 New 0 ±0 Navarrese Freedom (Ln) 224 0.05 ±0.00 0 ±0 Blank ballots 2,934 1.79 −1.71 Total 462,299 4 ±0 Valid votes 164,095 97.40 +0.88 Invalid votes 4,389 2.60 −0.88 Votes cast / turnout 168,484 66.18 −4.26 Abstentions 86,095 33.82 +4.26 Registered voters 254,579 Sources

2015 + Summary of the 20 December 2015 Senate of Spain election results in Álava Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu) 112,463 22.85 New 3 +3 People's Party (PP) 94,524 19.20 −9.12 1 −2 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 86,324 17.54 −2.14 0 ±0 Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 69,355 14.09 −8.77 0 −1 Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)1 66,352 13.48 −6.10 0 ±0 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 24,347 4.95 New 0 ±0 United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 19,824 4.03 +0.28 0 ±0 Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 5,829 1.18 +0.77 0 ±0 Blank Seats (EB/AZ) 3,093 0.63 New 0 ±0 Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 2,629 0.53 −0.46 0 ±0 Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,247 0.25 New 0 ±0 Navarrese Freedom (Ln) 231 0.05 New 0 ±0 Blank ballots 6,050 3.50 −0.97 Total 492,268 4 ±0 Valid votes 172,908 96.52 +0.99 Invalid votes 6,238 3.48 −0.99 Votes cast / turnout 179,146 70.44 +2.20 Abstentions 75,181 29.56 −2.20 Registered voters 254,327 Sources

2011 + Summary of the 20 November 2011 Senate of Spain election results in Álava Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− People's Party (PP) 129,375 28.32 +1.03 3 +2 Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 104,427 22.86 −16.26 1 −2 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 89,921 19.68 −0.66 0 ±0 Amaiur (Amaiur)1 89,463 19.58 +14.49 0 ±0 United Left–The Greens: Plural Left (IU–LV) 17,115 3.75 −0.56 0 ±0 Equo (Equo) 9,653 2.11 New 0 ±0 Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 4,514 0.99 +0.54 0 ±0 For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 2,666 0.58 +0.08 0 ±0 Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,892 0.41 +0.14 0 ±0 Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 536 0.12 New 0 ±0 Blank ballots 7,304 4.47 +1.99 Total 456,866 4 ±0 Valid votes 163,440 95.53 −0.41 Invalid votes 7,655 4.47 +0.41 Votes cast / turnout 171,095 68.24 −1.30 Abstentions 79,648 31.76 +1.30 Registered voters 317,352 Sources

2008 + Summary of the 9 March 2008 Senate of Spain election results in Álava Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 182,584 39.12 +9.31 3 ±0 People's Party (PP) 127,361 27.29 −0.15 1 ±0 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 94,931 20.34 −6.43 0 ±0 United Left–Greens–Alternative (EB–B) 20,133 4.31 −3.42 0 ±0 Basque Solidarity (EA) 15,402 3.30 −1.31 0 ±0 Aralar (Aralar) 8,354 1.79 −0.06 0 ±0 The Greens (B/LV) 4,719 1.01 New 0 ±0 For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 2,342 0.50 New 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain–Basque Communists (PCPE–EK) 2,146 0.46 New 0 ±0 Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 2,079 0.45 New 0 ±0 Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,238 0.27 −0.01 0 ±0 Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 384 0.08 −0.02 0 ±0 Humanist Party (PH) 286 0.06 −0.14 0 ±0 Family and Life Party (PFyV) 266 0.06 New 0 ±0 Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 103 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0 National Democracy (DN) 97 0.02 New 0 ±0 Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC) 77 0.02 ±0.00 0 ±0 Spanish Front (Frente) 55 0.01 New 0 ±0 Spanish Alternative (AES) 44 0.01 New 0 ±0 Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC) 40 0.01 −0.02 0 ±0 Blank ballots 4,100 2.48 +0.13 Total 466,741 4 ±0 Valid votes 165,405 95.94 +2.81 Invalid votes 7,001 4.06 −2.81 Votes cast / turnout 172,406 69.54 −7.47 Abstentions 75,524 30.46 +7.47 Registered voters 247,930 Sources

2004