The was a Japanese coin worth one-hundredth of a Japanese yen, as 100 sen equalled 1 yen. One sen coins were first struck for circulation during the 6th year of Meiji's reign (1873) using a dragon design. The denomination had been adopted in 1871 but coinage at the time could not be carried out. Aside from an alloy change and a new rice stalk wreath design, one sen coins remained the same weight and size for the remainder of the era. The situation changed when World War I broke out under Emperor Taishō as rising metal costs led to a size and weight reduction. These smaller coins were first produced in 1916 with a paulownia design which was seen as liberal at the time. Emperor Shōwa took the throne in 1926, and Japan was pushed into a militaristic regime by the early 1930s causing metals to be set aside for wartime conditions. These effects would later impact one sen coins through numerous alloy, size, and design changes.
Bronze was the first alloy to be used for coinage which was replaced by brass, then aluminium in the span of a single year (1938). One sen coins were made lighter and were reduced in size as World War II raged on causing a demand for material to make military supplies. The last coins were produced from 1944 to 1945 using a tin and zinc based alloy as the situation further deteriorated. One sen coins were discontinued after the war, and were demonetized at the end of 1953 along with other subsidiary coinage. Collectors now trade these coins on the market where their value depends on survivability rate and condition.
History Meiji and Taishō (1873–1924)
One sen coins along with twelve other denominations were adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871.A. Piatt Andrew, Quarterly Journal of Economics, "The End of the Mexican Dollar", 18:3:321–356, 1904, p. 345 This new coinage gave Japan a western style decimal system based on units of yen, which were broken down into subsidiary currency of sen, and rin. The first coins minted were trial strikes or pattern coins, which are dated 1869 (year 2 of Meiji) and 1870 (year 3). No coins were struck for circulation right away as the technology to mass-produce the coins was poor at the time. Silver and gold coins were thus given priority as they were produced and distributed to the market before copper coinage could be carried out. One sen coins were eventually introduced on August 29, 1873, via government notification. Each coin was authorized to be struck in an alloy of copper, weighs 110 grains (7.13g), and has a 1.10 inch diameter (27.9mm). Obverse features on the first one sen design include a dragon with the date of reign, and "1 sen" written in English. Reverse features include the value "1 sen" (written in Kanji) centered inside a wreath design. The Chrysanthemum seal is located at the top of the coin flanked by the words "100 for one yen" in Kanji. These coins were legal tender only up to the amount of 1 yen which was fixed by government regulations.
Production continued for a few years before it was stopped as no coins are dated from year 11 or 12 (1878 and 1879). It is theorized that the aftermath of the Satsuma Rebellion could have left an impact. When production resumed in 1880 (year 13), the scales on the obverse dragon design were changed from a square to a V-shaped pattern. This slightly modified first one sen design continued to be minted until 1888 (year 21), when coinage was stopped due to mass production and a slight oversupply. As with several other denominations it's possible that non circulating one sen dragon coins were made again in 1892 (year 25) for display at the World's Columbian Exposition. The Japanese government officially switched to the gold standard on October 1, 1897, and new coinage laws were adopted. Changes for the one sen coin included a reduction of copper content by 3%, while the weight and size of the coins were left the same as before. Both sides of the coin received a brand new design as some of the older elements were no longer viewed positively. The dragon on the obverse side in particular was removed due to the First Sino-Japanese War which lasted from 1894 to 1895. A rice stalk wreath was chosen to replace the dragon, while the reverse side of the coin received a sunburst design.
One sen coins continued to be struck for circulation in the Meiji era until 1902 (year 35). While coins dated 1906 and 1909 (year 39 and 42) were struck, none were released for circulation. Although production resumed under Emperor Taishō in 1913, World War I broke out in the following year. This event brought Japan a booming economy which required an increase of small denomination coins. At the same time rising metal costs to produce one sen coins became an issue, and their large size had made them difficult to distribute. Pattern coins were made in 1915 and again in 1916 to test out a smaller design which debuted in the latter year. This new design features the paulownia coat of arms, is 23.03 mm in diameter, and weighs 3.75g. The paulownia design was controversial at the time and seen as a liberal democratic trend which was criticized by those in the right wing. One sen coins with this design continued to be produced until 1924 (year 13 of Taishō) without any additional changes.
Shōwa (1927–1953)
One sen coins were minted again during Emperor Shōwa's 2nd year of reign (1927) using the Taishō era paulownia design. Meanwhile, events around the world including the Great Depression were leading up to another world war. Japan was pushed into a militaristic regime by 1933, and started stockpiling nickel as war materials. The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937 and a National Mobilization Law was declared in the following year. This action suspended the coinage act of 1897 and allowed the Japanese government to issue temporary subsidiary coins without obtaining approval from the Imperial Diet. New brass coins featuring a crow design on the obverse replaced the old copper paulownia coins on June 1, 1938. Brass was chosen as the previous composition contained tin which was a military-important metal not produced in Japan. The "crow" design with waves on the obverse, and eight ridge mirrors on the reverse was made by combining submissions from a public offering. On November 29, 1938, the act was revised and one sen coins were struck in aluminum as copper was needed for munitions. The diameter of the one sen coin was reduced from 23 down to 17.6mm, while the weight dropped from 3.75 to 0.90 grams. Although the coins were now smaller and lighter, the crow and waves design did not change.
By using aluminum, one sen coins were produced in large amounts as the alloy is naturally soft, did not require annealing, and extended the life of the dies. The design of the one sen coin changed again in 1941, featuring Mount Fuji on the reverse representing Hakkō ichiu. The obverse side shows the character "ichi" or "one" representing the value of the coin. This feature was allegedly handwritten by Isao Kawada, who was the minister of finance at the time. The diameter of the coin was also reduced from 17.6 to 16mm while the weight dropped from 0.90 to 0.65 grams. In April 1943 the Japanese government announced plans to use tin in coinage as aluminum was needed for more aircraft. This shift did not happen right away as one sen coins had their aluminum content dropped from 0.65 to 0.55g that year. However, as World War II dragged on the amount of available aluminum was eventually depleted.
Tin and zinc replaced aluminum for one sen coins when they were issued in March 1944. The final design used for these coins features a chrysanthemum crest with value on the obverse, and inscriptions on the reverse. Although tin was not an ideal choice for money as the metal is heat-sensitive and soft, the Japanese government had no alternatives. Supplies of tin were available at the time from occupied Southeast Asia where the metal was abundantly produced. This remedy was temporary as one sen coins were forcefully discontinued in 1945 due to a depleted tin supply from naval blockades. A last ditch attempt was made by making one sen coins out of porcelain in the final months of the war. These were never officially issued and were destroyed afterwards. One sen coins were officially demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen. By this time, excessive post-war inflation had made them redundant as they were rarely seen in circulation.
Composition
Years Material 1873–1888 98% Copper, 2% Tin and Zinc 1898–1938 95% Copper, 4% Tin, 1% Aluminium 1938 90% Copper, 10% Zinc 1938–1943 100% Aluminium 1944–1945 50% Tin, 50% Zinc
Circulation figures Meiji
The following are circulation figures for one sen coins that were minted between the 6th, and 42nd year of Meiji's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol 明治 (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below "一十二" would read as "year 21" or 1888. Some of the mintages included cover more than one variety of a given coin.
"Year" ← "Number representing year of reign" ← "Emperors name" (Ex: 年 ← 一十二 ← 治明 ← Top of coin facing self)
Year of reign Japanese date Gregorian date Mintage 6th 六 1873 7th 七 1874 8th 八 1875 9th 九 1876 10th 十 1877 13th 三十 1880 14th 四十 1881 15th 五十 1882 16th 六十 1883 17th 七十 1884 18th 八十 1885 19th 九十 1886 20th 十二 1887 21st 一十二 1888 25th 五十二 1892 Not circulated 31st 一十三 1898 32nd 二十三 1899 33rd 三十三 1900 34th 四十三 1901 35th 五十三 1902 39th 九十三 1906 Not circulated 42nd 二十四 1909 Not circulated
Taishō
The following are circulation figures for one sen coins that were minted between the 2nd and 13th year of Taishō's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol 大正 (Taishō), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below "二十" would read as "year 12" or 1923.
"Year" ← "Number representing year of reign" ← "Emperors name" (Ex: 年 ← 二十 ← 正大 ← Top of coin facing self)
Year of reign Japanese date Gregorian date Mintage 2nd 二 1913 3rd 三 1914 4th 四 1915 5th 五 1916 6th 六 1917 7th 七 1918 8th 八 1919 9th 九 1920 10th 十 1921 11th 一十 1922 12th 二十 1923 13th 三十 1924
Shōwa The following are circulation figures for one sen coins that were minted between the, and year of Emperor Shōwa's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol 昭和 (Shōwa), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below "二十" would read as "year 12" or 1937. Coin patterns that include examples struck on porcelain are not included here as they were never issued for circulation.
"Year" ← "Number representing year of reign" ← "Emperors name" (Ex: 年 ← 二十 ← 和昭 ← Top of coin facing self)
Year of reign Japanese date Gregorian date Mintage 2nd 二 1927 26,500,000 4th 四 1929 3,000,000 5th 五 1930 5,000,000 6th 六 1931 25,001,222 7th 七 1932 35,066,715 8th 八 1933 38,936,907 9th 九 1934 100,004,950 10th 十 1935 200,009,912 11th 一十 1936 109,170,428 12th 二十 1937 133,196,568 13th 三十 1938 87,649,338 1938 113,600,000 1938 45,502,266 14th 四十 1939 444,602,146 15th 五十 1940 601,110,015 16th 六十 1941 1,016,620,734 17th 七十 1942 119,709,832 18th 八十 1943 1,163,949,434 18th 八十 1943 627,160,000 19th 九十 1944 1,629,580,000 20th 十二 1945
Shōwa era designs Five different designs were used during the Shōwa era for the 1 sen coin, not including pattern coins which were never intended for circulation. As the weight and sizes were changed frequently after 1937, these designs have been listed separate with their respective information.
Image Minted Diameter Mass 1927–1938 23.0mm 3.75g 1938 23.0mm 3.75g 1938–1940 17.6mm 0.90g 1941–1943 16.0mm 0.65g 1943 16.0mm 0.55g 1944–1945 15.0mm 1.30g
Collecting