James Barbour (1775–1842) was an American lawyer, politician and planter.
James Barbour may also refer to:
James Barbour (burgess) (1734–1804), landowner and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses James Barbour (lawyer) (1828–1895), Virginia lawyer, planter, politician and Confederate officer James Barbour (architect) (1834–1912) Scottish architect and antiquarian James J. Barbour (1869–1946), American politician and lawyer James Murray Barbour (1897–1970), American acoustician, musicologist and composer James Barbour (singer) (born 1966), American singer and Broadway actor