Diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSR), or ultra-low emittance storage rings, are synchrotron light sources where the emittance of the electron-beam in the storage ring is smaller or comparable to the emittance of the x-ray photon beam they produce at the end of their insertion devices. These facilities operate in the soft to hard x-ray range (100eV—100keV) with extremely high brilliance (in the order of 1021—1022 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%BW)
Together with X-ray free-electron lasers, they constitute the fourth generation of light sources, characterized by a relatively high coherent flux (in the order of 1014—1015photons/s/0.1%BW for DLSR) and enable extended physical and chemical characterizations at the nano-scale.
Existing diffraction-limited storage rings MAX IV Laboratory, in Lund, Sweden. Sirius, in Campinas, Brazil European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Extremely Brilliant Source (ESRF-EBS), in Grenoble, France
DLSR upgrade or facilities under construction Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U), in Argonne, Illinois, USA Swiss Light Source 2, Upgrade (SLS 2.0), in Villigen, Switzerland
Planned or projected DLSR upgrades or new facilities Upgrades PETRA IV, Upgrade (PETRA IV), at DESY, Hamburg, Germany Advanced Light Source, Upgrade (ALS-U), in Berkeley, California, USA Diamond II (Diamond II), in Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK ELETTRA 2.0 (Elettra 2.0), in Trieste, Italy ALBA II, in Barcelona, Spain Alba Initiates Its Upgrade Process To Become A 4th Generation Facility SOLEIL II, in Saint-Aubin, FranceConceptual Design Report for SOLEIL Upgrade, accessed 24 April 2023.
New facilities High Energy Photon Source (HEPS), in Beijing, China BESSY III, in Berlin, GermanyBESSY III - The Materials Discovery Facility
See also X-Ray Free Electron Lasers
References