The Anim or Fly River languages are a language family in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015).Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter (2015) "The Anim Languages of Southern New Guinea". Oceanic Linguistics 54:110–142 The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'.
Languages The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies:
Inland Gulf Tirio (Lower Fly River) Boazi (Lake Murray) Marind (Marind–Yaqai)
The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language, attested only in a short word list and previously assigned to the Inland Gulf family, defies classification (Usher and Suter 2015).
Anim languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.
|+ List of Anim languages ! Language !! Subgroup !! Location !! Population !! Alternate names |- | Marind || Nuclear Marind || central Merauke Regency and southeast corner (Indonesia) || 7,000 || |- | Bian || Nuclear Marind || northeast Merauke Regency (Indonesia) || 2,900 || |- | Yaqay || Yaqay || eastern Mappi Regency (Indonesia) || 10,000 || |- | Warkay-Bipim || Yaqay || south Asmat Regency (Indonesia) || 300 || |- | Kuni-Boazi || Lake Murray (Boazi) || west Lake Murray (PNG) || 4,500 || |- | Zimakani || Lake Murray (Boazi) || southwest Lake Murray across border (PNG) || 1,500 || |- | Tirio || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 1900 || Makayam |- | Bitur || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 860 || Mutum, Paswam, Bituri |- | Adulu || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) || 220 || Aturu |- | Lewada-Dewara || Tirio (Lower Fly) || Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) || 700 || Were |- | Baramu || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 850 || |- | Ipiko || Ipiko (Inland Gulf) || West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG) || ||
Reconstruction Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter. Proto–Fly River. New Guinea World.
| *m || *n || || |- | *p || *t || || *k |- | *mb || *nd || || *ŋg |- | *ɸ || *s || || |- | *w || *r || *j ||
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
Pronouns Proto-Anim pronouns (Usher and Suter 2015):
{| class="wikitable" ! !! sg !! pl |- ! 1 | *na- || *ni- |- ! 2 | *ŋga- || *ja |- ! 3 | *(u)a- || *ja
By 2020, comparison with the neighboring TNG branch Awyu–Ok had led so some revision of the reconstructions. Here are the nominative and possessive/object forms:
{| class="wikitable" ! !! sg !! pl |- ! 1 | *no, *na- || *ni, *na-/*ni- |- ! 2 | *ŋgo, **ŋga- || *[i/e]o, *[i/e]a- |- ! 3m | *e, *e- ||rowspan=2| *i, *i- |- ! 3f | *u, *u-
The demonstrative third-person forms *e-, *u-, *i- are an innovation shared with proto-Awyu–Ok, which has the same vowel ablaut in the second person as well. They reflect a gender ablaut of msg *e, fsg *u, nsg *[a/o], and pl *i, as in *anem 'man', *anum 'woman', *anim 'people', or *we 'father', *wu 'mother', *wi 'parents'.
Lexicon Proto-Anim lexical reconstructions by Usher & Suter (2015) are:
{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Proto-Anim |- | ‘house’ || *aɸ(a,o) |- | ‘younger sibling’ || *am(o)=e/*am=u |- | ‘laugh’ || *awend(V) |- | ‘thigh’ || *mboɸo |- | ‘breast’ || *mbumb(V) |- | ‘tree’ || *nde |- | ‘navel’ || *ndekum(u) |- | ‘sago’ || *ndou |- | ‘build a nest’ || *ewes |- | ‘bone’ || *ɸia(u) |- | ‘rain’ || *ŋg(a,o)e |- | ‘night’ || *ŋgap(o) |- | ‘eat, drink’ || *ŋg(e,a)i |- | ‘root’ || *itit(i) |- | ‘lip’ || *itup(u) |- | ‘cry’ || *iwo |- | ‘tooth’ || *kam(V) |- | ‘egg, seed’ || *kan(a,e) |- | ‘paddle’ || *kawea |- | ‘mouth, teeth’ || *maŋg(a,o)t(o) |- | ‘come’ || *mano |- | ‘speech, voice’ || *mean(V) |- | ‘two’ || *measi |- | ‘fruit, seed’ || *moko(m) |- | ‘heart’ || *muki(k) |- | ‘mosquito’ || *naŋg(a,i)t(i) |- | ‘banana’ || *napet(o) |- | ‘sleep’ || *nu |- | ‘forearm’ || *piŋgi |- | ‘stand’ || *ratinV |- | ‘hand’ || *seŋga |- | ‘tongue’ || *sas(a) |- | ‘meat, fish’ || *sawa(i) |- | ‘tail feathers’ || *sum(V) |- | ‘fire, tree’ || *tae |- | ‘wing’ || *taɸ(u) |- | ‘nape’ || *temuk(u) |- | ‘lie down’ || *tenV
Below are selected reconstructions for Proto-Fly River (Proto-Anim) and branches by Usher (2020).
{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Proto-Fly River !! Proto-Inland Gulf !! Proto-Lower Fly River !! Proto-Lake Murray !! Proto-Marind-Yaqay !! Proto-Marind !! Proto-Yakhai-Warkay !! Proto-Yakhai |- ! head | || *gia || || || || *pa || *muku || |- ! hair | || || *duɾumə; *duɾum || || || || || |- ! ear | || *tu; *jeja || *towap || || *kambet || *kembet, *kambet || *k[e]mbet || |- ! eye | *kindV[C] || *kuɸino || *baɾid || || *kind || *kind || *kind || |- ! nose | || *dasi || *miw || || || *aŋgi₂p || *s[e/a]maŋg || |- ! tooth | *kam || *ta; *bese || *suwə; *kam; *su || *kam || *maŋg[e/a]t || *maŋgat || *maŋg[e/a]t || |- ! tongue | *sas || *koda; *sasa || *jimə; *jim || *naseam; *sas || *inVm || *inum || *in[e/a]m || |- ! leg | || *idini || || || || *tegu || || |- ! louse | *n[u]m[u]ŋg || *uani || *oɾ[eae]n || *[num]uŋg || *nambun || *nahun; *mba[m/mb] || *nambun || |- ! dog | || *gaso || *s[eae]; *diɾean || *gaɣo || || *ŋgat || || |- ! pig | *mbasik || *maɸa || *m[i/e]nawə || *basik || *basik || *basik || *basik || |- ! bird | || *ewesa || *dawod || || || *ujub || || *pet[e/a]ɣau |- ! egg | *kanV || *ɸutu; *usu || *sVɣaɾə || || *mogaw; *kan[a] || *magaw || *mo[k/ɣ]a || |- ! blood | || || *nauɾə || *kouk || || *do || || |- ! bone | *mbai[a]ŋg; *ɸia[u] || *ɸia || *naɾak(ə); *baig || *bajag || *hia[u] || *haiau, *hiau || *hia || *ia |- ! skin | || *nikopi; *ko[j]ipo || || *ŋgusum || || *ugu || || |- ! breast | || *jono || *bub || *toto || || *bub || *abut || |- ! tree | *nde || *de || *naukə || *tae || *de || *de || *de || |- ! man | *anem || *aneme || *anem(ə) || *anem || *anem || *anem || || |- ! woman | *anum || *anumu || *anum(ə) || *anum || *anum || *anum || || *sau |- ! sun | || *nowumu; *siwio || *manom || *kaia || || *katane || || |- ! moon | || *bubei || *manom || || || *mandou || *kam[e/o] || |- ! water | || *ogo || *mau[g/k]ə || *neia, *naia || *adika || *adeka || *adika || *maⁱ |- ! fire | *tae || *maɸi; *ta[j]e || *j[i]au || *tae || *tekaw || *tekaw || *teka || |- ! stone | || || *didigə || || *seŋgV || *ketaɾ; *seŋga || *seŋgV || *seŋgi |- ! path | || *jigei || *ewean || || || *isas || || |- ! name | || *jiga || *gag || *ij || *[i/e]g[i/e]j || *igij || *[e][k/ɣ][e] || |- ! eat | || || *tamu || || || *ɣawi[ɣ] || || *bae |- ! one | *ija (?) || *jaigio || *ɣoɾ[e]a[u][k] || *koapo || *ija[kod] || *ijako[d]; *ijakod || || |- ! two | *meas[i] || *measi || *mis || || || *inah || || *[k/ɣ]aiaɣamat
References
External links Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter, New Guinea World, Proto–Fly River (see also reconstructions of branches)