Sogeram languages

The Sogeram languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. They are named after the Sogeram River.Usher, Timothy. 2020. Sogeram River. New Guinea World.

In earlier classifications, such as that of Wurm, most of the Sogeram family were called "Wanang", after the Wanang River. The exceptions were Faita, placed as a separate branch of the Southern Adelbert languages, and Mum–Sirva (then called the "Sikan" family), which were classified with the other branch, Josephstaal (Tomul River).

Languages Daniels (2016) classifies the Sogeram languages in three branches, including some recently documented languages.Daniels, Don. 2016. Magɨ: An undocumented language of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics 55: 199-224.

Sogeram West Sogeram (Wurm et al's "Atan" family) Mand Nend Central Segeram Manat Apalɨ North Central Sogeram (Sikan): Mum, Sirva "East" Sogeram Gants Kursav Aisian: Magɨ, Aisi

Daniels (2017), following Pawley, resolves the issue of Gants by classifying it as East Sogeram, closest to Kursav though he refrains from claiming the two languages form a clade. He notes that the name "East Sogeram" is no longer geographically appropriate, as Gants would be the westernmost Sogeram language.Daniels, Don. 2017. Gants is a Sogeram Language. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 35: 82-93.

Recently discovered Magɨyi may also be a Sogeram language, with the forms of identified cognates closest to Mum.ISO code request 2013-029

Because these languages form a chain, where each influences its neighbors, the branching of the family is not clear. Usher divides the languages in nearly the same way, differing only in the placement of Manat:

Sogeram River West Sogeram River Atemple–Nend: Atemble (Atemple, Mand), Nend (Angaua) Paynamar (Manat) Central Sogeram River Apali (Emerum) Mum–Sirva: Mum (Katiati), Sileibi (Sirva) South Sogeram River Faita (Kulsab/Kursav) Gants Musak (Aisi)

Names Below are Sogeram language names in Daniels (2015) compared to names listed in Z'graggen (1975), along with their respective meanings.Z'graggen, John A. 1975. The Languages of the Madang District, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Daniels (2015) meaning Z'graggen (1975) meaning Mand ‘no’ Atemple village name Nend ‘no’ Angaua demonym Manat ‘no’ Paynamar village name Apalɨ ‘no’ Emerum village name Mum ‘what’ Katiati village name Sirva language name Sileibi village name? Magɨ ‘no’ Aisi (Mabɨŋ) ‘why (no)’ Musak village name Kursav language name Faita village name Gants language name Gants language name

Proto-language

A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram has been proposed by Daniels (2015).Daniels, Don. 2015. A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax. Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara.

Phonology Proto-Sogeram phonemic inventory according to Daniels (2015):

*p *t *k *kʷ <kw> *β <v> *s *m *n *ɲ <ñ> *ŋ *r

*i *ɨ *u *a

Pronouns Daniels (2017) reconstructs the pronouns as follows:

sgpl1*ya*a-ra2*na*na-ra3*nu/*nɨ*nɨ-ra

Compare Ross's proto-Madang singular pronouns *ya, *na, *nu/*ua.

Lexicon Selected lexical reconstructions from Daniels (2015) are listed below.

+ Plant names Proto-Sogeram Gloss Scientific name *akwasa betelnut Areca catechu *kari betelnut Areca catechu *kasam breadfruit Artocarpus altilis *kuimaŋ coconut Cocos nucifera *mirkwa cordyline Cordyline fruticosa *kunsa yam Dioscorea sp. *mɨnta sword grass Imperata cylindrica *mimpɨŋ ironwood tree Intsia bijuga *makin sago Metroxylon sp. *manɨŋ banana Musa sp. *kamura betel pepper Piper betle *akɨru sugar Saccharum officinarum *sakai bamboo *umai bean *kɨñakw paint tree *sukan reed sp.

+ Animal names Proto-Sogeram Gloss Scientific name *kɨñakuŋ wattled brush-turkey Aepypodius arfakianus *siar starling Aplonis sp. *kaiaŋki sulphur-crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita *muiam cassowary Casuarius unappendiculatus *ikakara chicken Gallus gallus *kumpin Victoria crowned pigeon Goura victoria *kwɨñaŋ palm cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus *kukɨ sago grub Rhynchophorus ferrugineus *aŋam collared brush-turkey Talegalla jobiensis *kuyiv bird-of-paradise Paradisaeidae *kariv flying fox Pteropus *iŋkɨn ground possum Phalangeridae *muŋmi bee *kapa bird *apapara butterfly *kuntar centipede *mavra crocodile *upri dog *kɨmparam eel *iau fish *kukasa frog *naŋram frog *iman louse *kamɨŋaua millipede *ñaŋkur mosquito *iran parrot species *urir parrot species *sampaN pig *sar snake *takwɨ snake

Comparisons The following is a comparative table of reconstructed forms in Proto-Sogeram and Proto-Northern Adelbert.

gloss Proto-Sogeram Proto-Northern Adelbert breast *aman ‘breast’ *men ‘breast’ cook in pot *imu ‘put in pot’ *im- ‘boil, cook in pot’ see *iŋka ‘see, perceive’ *ag- ‘see’ turn *ir, irɨ- ‘turn, spin’ *girik- ‘turn’ fight *kira ‘fight’ *war- ‘hit, fight’ bow *kɨmi ‘bow’ *kemi ‘bow’ die *kɨmu ‘die’ *um- ‘die’ walk, go *kɨnta ‘walk’ *iduw- ‘go’ root *kɨntɨr ‘root’ *durun ‘root’ roast *kra ‘roast’ *id- ‘roast’ arm, hand *kuman ‘arm, hand’ *waben ‘arm, hand’ centipede *kuntar ‘centipede’ *wisir ‘centipede’ egg *maŋka ‘egg’ *munag ‘egg’ husband *-mum ‘husband’ *muŋ ‘husband, man’ eat *ña ‘eat’ *an- ‘eat’ heavy, weight *pɨm ‘weight’ *bin ‘heavy’ snake *takwɨ ‘snake’ *duag ‘snake’ heart, liver *umpaŋ ‘heart’ *gemaŋ ‘liver’ call *ura ‘call out’ *par- ‘call’

References

Sogeram languages

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