Butler Island is a 1,600-acre (647.5-hectare) island in the Altamaha River in McIntosh County, Georgia, United States. Part of the Altamaha River Delta, the island is located south-southeast of Darien, Georgia.
The Altamaha River divides in the delta, and the northernmost branch is long and called the Butler River. This flows north of the boomerang-shaped Butler Island. Interstate 95 crosses the west section of Butler Island. US Route 17 crosses Butler Island's east section, connecting it to General's Island and Darien.
A local landmark is the -tall brick chimney of the Butler Island Plantation rice mill.
Major Butler
Butler Island was named for its original owner, Pierce Butler, a Founding Father and a U.S. Senator from South Carolina.
Butler was the third son of an Irish baronet and an officer in the British Army, who came to the Thirteen Colonies to quell a 1768 uprising in Boston. He married Mary Middleton in 1771, an heiress from a South Carolina slaveholding family. He took the American side in the Revolutionary War, serving as Adjutant-General of the South Carolina Militia.Pierce Butler from National Constitution Center. He was one of South Carolina's four delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, at which he was an ardent defender of slavery. He served in the U.S. Senate from 1789 to 1796 and returned to fill out an unexpired term, 1803–1804.
Georgia plantations Following his wife's 1790 death, Major Butler sold off the last of their South Carolina holdings and invested in Georgia Sea Island plantations. The plantations initially were worked by his enslaved South Carolinians,Jingle Davis, Island Time: An Illustrated History of St. Simons Island, Georgia (Augusta: University of Georgia Press, 2013). but he purchased 80 enslaved Virginians in 1801 and a group of enslaved recently shipped from West Africa in 1802. The West Africans had experience in rice-growing and learned enough English to be added to the workforce in 1803. In the early decades, the cash crop was the cotton grown on St. Simon's Island, but as Hampton's soil became depleted, the cash crop became the rice grown on Butler Island.
Roswell King managed Major Butler's Georgia plantations from 1802 to 1819. He conducted a slave census in 1803, listing 540 enslaved people by name and rating each by their ability to labor—a "quarter," "half," "three-quarters," or "full" hand. Most plantations had a white overseer, with a trusted black "headman" or "driver" working under him. At its height, the Butler Island Plantation had a white overseer, a black "head driver," and four "drivers."Mart A. Stewart, What Nature Suffers to Groe: Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Augusta: University of Georgia Press, 2002), p. 128. Major Butler was a stern disciplinarian, governing the slaves on his plantation with military strictness. The Butler plantations were models of efficiency. Everything needed was manufactured on the plantation from shoes and clothes to furniture and tools. After a visit to Butler's Island, Sir Charles Lyell wrote: "The negro houses were neat and whitewashed, all floored with wood, each with an apartment called the hall, two sleeping rooms, and a loft for the children." Sea Island cotton was the main crop at Hampton, while rice was cultivated at Butler's Island.
Five months after his burning of the White House in the War of 1812, British Admiral George Cockburn sailed into the Altamaha River Sound, in January 1815. He offered freedom to the enslaved Africans held by Major Butler on St. Simon's Island, and 138 of them accepted the offer. The British Navy transported the newly-freed to Nova Scotia and assigned them the surname "Butler."
Major Butler became the largest slaveholder in coastal Georgia, "owning as many as a thousand slaves and cultivating three plantations—Hampton on St. Simons Island, Butler Island in the Altamaha River opposite Darien; and Woodville, several miles further up the Altamaha above Butler's Island."Margaret Davis Cate, Our Todays and Yesterdays: A Story of Brunswick and the Coastal Islands (Brunswick, GA: Glover Bros., Inc., 1930). Woodville was used to grow corn and raise livestock for the plantations.
Hampton was located on St. Simon's Island, about downstream from Butler Island. The Butler Island and Hampton plantations operated as a unit. About 60% of the enslaved were housed in four settlements on Butler Island. Cultivation of rice required more strenuous work than cotton, and the Butler Island workforce was younger and stronger. Because of the threat of malaria, pregnant women, many children, older workers, and the infirm were housed at Hampton, which was considered healthier.William Dusinberre, The Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamps (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). Between 1819 and 1834, "over half of the children at Butler Island had succumbed [to death] before age six."
Roswell King, Jr. succeeded his father, managing the Butler plantations from 1819 to 1838,Buddy Sullivan, "All Under Bank": Roswell King, Jr. and Plantation Management in Tidewater Georgia (Hinesville, GA: Liberty County Historical Society, 2003). and from 1841 to 1853.
At the time of his February 15, 1822 death in Philadelphia, Major Butler held 638 enslaved Africans on the Georgia plantations.Michael Karpyn, "Pierce Butler and Charles Ingersoll," Exploring Diversity in Pennsylvania History (PDF) from Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Rice production
Rice was grown in sunken, flooded fields, and required complex freshwater management to maximize the yield. Dikes were built around the paddies to keep out the brackish water that surrounded them at high tide.
In tidewater Georgia, rice was usually ready to harvest in late August, when the grains started hardening. The flooded paddies were drained, and workers used small sickles to sever each stalk at the base. The stalks were bound into sheaves and stacked in ricks for the rice to cure. The stalks were cut away, and the cured rice boiled in vats, dried, and threshed to separate the kernels from the chaff. The kernels then were pounded using wooden mortar and pestles to loosen the hulls, the hard outer coating of each grain. The pounded kernels then were carried in tightly-woven baskets up a ladder into the winnowing barn, a small building atop tall stilts. The pounded kernels were scattered out through a trap door in the floor, for the wind to blow away the hulls as the heavier brown rice fell into a pan on the ground. The brown rice was "polished" into white rice by soaking it in vats to loosen the bran, the thin inner coating of each grain. The wet brown rice was kneaded until the bran and germ separated from the white grain.
The pounding with mortar and pestle was the most exhausting physical labor. To relieve this, Roswell King attempted to build a pounding mill in 1803. This was to be powered by the tidal movements of the river but building a solid foundation in the spongy soil proved difficult and having to wait until hours when the tides were moving limited the mill's efficiency. By 1816, a water-powered mill was functioning, and two pounding machines were pounding the rice kernels. "All phases of producing the rice crop, except the pounding, were done by hand."
Steam mill I have been over the rice mill, under the guidance of the overseer and headman Frank, and have been made acquainted with the whole process of threshing the rice, which is extremely curious. The number of hands employed in this threshing mill is very considerable, and the whole establishment, comprising the fires, and boilers, and machinery of a powerful steam engine, are all under Negro superintendence and direction. — Fanny Kemble, 1838.
The decision to build a steam-powered mill was made in 1832. Roswell King Jr. had wooden pilings pounded into the highest section of Butler Island, the plantation yard beside the Butler River landing, to bear the weight of the 14-horse-power steam engine and its brick chimney. The mill was completed in December 1833 and exposed problems in the production line. The threshing and winnowing tasks done by the workers were quickly outpaced by the pounding and polishing tasks powered by the steam engine. None of the threshing workers could keep up, and the steam engine was shut down to give them a break. Similarly, winnowing required wind to blow away the hulls, so the steam engine was idle on windless days. The coopers fell behind in making tierces (small barrels) to pack the processed rice. The steam engine required a steady supply of wood for fuel, so more acres of pine forest were purchased. The steam engine was resented by the workers, creating "a perpetual monotonous burden," as Fanny Kemble described it.
Butler family Major Butler disinherited his only surviving son, Thomas, along with Thomas's French-born wife and daughter. The only one of the Major's four daughters to have married and borne children was Sarah, who married Dr. James Mease of Philadelphia in 1800. In his will, Major Butler directed that Sarah Butler Mease's sons would be his heirs if they irrevocably changed their surnames to "Butler." Her younger son, Pierce Butler Mease, upon attaining his majority in 1831, legally changed his name to Pierce Mease Butler. Her elder son, John A. Mease, resisted doing so when he attained his majority. He married Gabriella Morris in 1827, and their son Pierce, born in 1829, lived only a year. Their second child, Elizabeth (1830-1862), was excluded from inheriting because of her gender. Sarah Butler Mease died in February 1831. In December, John A. Mease followed his brother's lead and legally changed his surname to "Butler." Each inherited a half-interest in Major Butler's plantations and enslaved Africans.
Pierce Mease Butler
Pierce Mease Butler married British actress Fanny Kemble in 1834. She and their two young daughters spent their first winter with him at Butler Island in 1838. Kemble believed that she could persuade Butler to give up slaveholding, but was wrong. She complained about plantation manager King, Jr. having fathered children by enslaved women, but her husband refused to do anything about it. Kemble's first-person experience with slavery inspired her memoir: Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839. The couple separated in 1847, and Butler divorced Kemble in 1849. He prevented her from seeing their daughters for years.
John A. Butler was captain of Philadelphia's First City Troop and served in the Mexican–American War. He saw no action and died of dysentery in camp on December 23, 1847.Francis Bernard Heitman, Historical Register of the United States Army (Washington, D.C.: The National Tribune, 1890), p. 162. Like his grandfather, John A. Butler used the terms of his will to impose control long beyond his death. His estate was in trust for his widow Gabriella (provided she never remarried), and his 17-year-old daughter, Elizabeth. John A. Butler named his brother Pierce and his fellow First City trooper Dr. Thomas C. James as executors and trustees of his estate.Frances Kemble Wister, "Sarah Butler Wister's Civil War," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 102, no. 3 (July 1978). The trust would be dissolved, and his estate settled only after Elizabeth married and produced a son who lived to his majority and legally changed his surname to "Butler." Should these conditions not be fulfilled, the estate would go to his brother Pierce or Pierce's eldest son. (Pierce Butler had only daughters.) Elizabeth Butler married Julian McAllister in 1848, but both sons died before attaining majority. All three of the McAllister daughters lived long lives but, like their mother, were excluded from inheriting.