Raid on Charlottetown (1775)

The Raid on Charlottetown of 17–18 November 1775, early in the American Revolutionary War, involved two American privateers of the Marblehead Regiment attacking and pillaging Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, then known as St. John's Island. The raid motivated Nova Scotia Governor Francis Legge to declare martial law. Despite the raid's success, George Washington immediately freed senior colonial officials the privateers had brought back as prisoners to Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Background

During the American Revolution, rebels and later French privateers frequently attacked Nova Scotia, damaging its maritime economy by raiding coastal communities including Liverpool and Annapolis Royal.Roger Marsters (2004). Bold Privateers: Terror, Plunder and Profit on Canada's Atlantic Coast, pp. 87–89

In October 1775, British forces burned Falmouth, now Portland, Maine. To respond, General Washington commandeered two schooners from John Glover's Marblehead Regiment for privateering. Glover recruited his son-in-law Captain Nicholson Broughton in the Hancock (Not the Lynch. Numerous historians have addressed this error - see p. 40; p. 688; Naval Chronicles, p. 3; and Naval Chronicles, p. 474) and Captain John Selman (privateer) in the . They were ordered to intercept two brigs carrying armaments from England arriving in the St. Lawrence River. Instead of following orders into a risky naval battle, the two privateers sought more convenient, easier quarry off Cape Canso, capturing five prizes, vessels laden with fish.National Archives (United Kingdom) ADM1/484/195 ff. 389-392 The privateers heard that the British were recruiting at St. John's Island and decided to attack it.

Washington sent Selman with Nicholson Broughton to lead an expedition off Nova Scotia to interrupt two British ships full of armaments bound for Quebec. Broughton commanded the USS Hancock, joined by Captain Selman in the Franklin.Selman's raidp. 19p. 11The Selman House Selman and Broughton gathered intelligence at Canso, Nova Scotia that the two ships en route to Quebec had already gone to Quebec the month earlier. Broughton and Selman wrote Washington that "we are however something comforted in that no Vessel passes this season to Boston, Halifax or to any part of America from Quebec but must pass within gun Shot of us." Letter to Washington 6 November 1775, p. 899

Broughton and Selman captured seven British vessels around Canso. On 29 October Broughton captured the schooners Prince William (Capt. William Standley Cr) and Mary (Capt. Thomas Russell). Two days later, Selam and Broughton wrote to Washington, that he captured the sloop Phoebe commanded by Captain James Hawkins. The sloop was owned by Boston loyalist Enoch Rust. Broughton indicated that Rust was “contrary … to the Association of the united American Colonies.” He also described Loyalist Boston as a “Den of Mischievous Violators of the rights of Humanity.” Five days later, on 5 November, Broughton took the sloop Warren owned by Thomas Cochrane of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Warren was commanded by Captain John Denny, who Broughton described as not being in “a very favorable light respecting their attachment to American Liberties.”

Raid

Selman and Broughton gathered intelligence that the Governor of St. John Island was recruiting for the war efforts against the Americans and resolved to attack.Selman letter. 1813 As a result, Broughton headed for Charlottetown.p. 1322 – Selman's full account

On 17 November, both captains landed with two parties of six men each. They took two prisoners, Acting Governor Phillips Callbeck and Surveyor General Thomas Wright, for possible exchange for Patriot American prisoners taken at Quebec."Memorial of Sir James Montgomery, Baron of the Court of Exchequer of Scotland" dated 1791, enclosed in a letter dated Edinburgh, December 3, 1791, from Sir James Montgomery to Rt. Hon. Henry Dundas. Public Archives of Canada, MG - 23, - 6. See also Letter of Job Prince to James Montgomery, dated December, 1788, They ransacked Callbeck's home, emptied his stores, took the colony's silver seal and Governor Patterson's Commission, and also plundered Patterson's House.

Selman and Broughton also searched unsuccessfully for the wives of Callbeck and senior naval commander Captain David Higgins, both daughters of prominent Boston loyalists. Callbeck's wife was the daughter of Nathaniel Coffin Jr., who a few months earlier had ordered the felling of the Liberty Tree on the Boston Common. Higgins wife was the daughter of Job Princes of Boston.Callbeck to Dartmouth, p. 43

Before the privateers left, they spiked the cannons at the fort.

Aftermath

The privateers took more prisoners at Canso: Captain David Higgins was captured in his schooner Lively on Nov. 23 in the Gut of Canso. On board were the Governor's priest Rev. Theophilus Desbrisay and Council member John Russell Spence, who were briefly held but shortly released. Higgins and the two other prisoners were taken to American headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts by way of Winter Harbour, Maine.Naval Records of the American Revolution, p. 299 (En route they were involved in the Raid on Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (1775).)

Washington, who wanted colonies to rebel freely rather than by intimidation, censured the privateers for imprisoning government officials without permission and freed them.Francis Legge, Governor of Loyalist Nova Scotia 1773-1776, By Viola F. Barnes. The New England Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Jul., 1931), p. 435 While George Washington censured Selman and Broughton, John Adams (who was on the committee to establish the navyp. 169) supported the privateers stating that they may “deserve censure for going counter to [their] orders, but I think in justice to ourselves we ought to seize every [Loyalist] officer in the service of Government wherever they may be found." When Selman was retired years later, the Vice President of the United States Elbridge Gerry favourably re-evaluated his contribution to the war effort and signed his letter, "with much esteem and respect, E. Gerry."

Callbeck returned and became the Commander for the St. John Volunteers in the Revolutionary War, investing heavily in the island's defences. (The St. John Volunteers were later named Fanning's Corps of Island Saint John's Volunteers and then, in 1799, the Prince Edward Island Fencibles.)The Siege of Malpeque by Earle Lockerby

The privateers continued to attack throughout the war and Loyalists were re-routed away from the Island to settle at Louisbourg.Privateering and Piracy: the effects of New England Raiding on Nova Scotia, p. 124 In August 1777, 2 privateers invaded Saint Peters and killed livestock.Privateering and piracy; the effects of New England Raiding upon Nova Scotia, p. 125]

The privateers pillaged the property of Wellwood Waugh and he was forced to move from Charlottetown to Pictou, Nova Scotia, the following year. (In 1777, Waugh was himself implicated in an American privateer raid on Pictou and was forced to move to Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia. He became a prominent inhabitant and Waugh River is named after him.) p.79

Major Timothy Hierlihy was ordered to be the commander of the defence of Prince Edward Island. (In 1778, Timothy defended the Spanish River coal mines in Cape Breton from American privateers — recapturing two vessels, retrieving loyalist property, killing one of the privateers and sending other prisoners to Halifax.For Cape Breton incident see Massey to Germain 3 June 1778. PRO CO 217/54, p. 54, 80-81 He later established Antigonish, Nova Scotia).

Raid on Charlottetown (1775)

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