This is a timeline of the 19th century.
1800s
1801
First Barbary War between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa. Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres. American politician Alexander Hamilton begins publishing the New York Evening Post as the Federalist "Vehicle" for their news. Thomas Jefferson elected President of the United States by the House of Representatives, following a tie in the Electoral College. The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. Ranjit Singh crowned as the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. Napoleon and Pope Pius VII sign the Concordat of 1801 in Paris. Alexander I of Russia becomes tsar after the assassination of his father. British defeat French at the Second Battle of Abukir.
1802
Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time. William Cobbett begins weekly Political Register.
1803
War resumes between Britain and France; this is a renewal of the Napoleonic Wars after a short peace. William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat". The United States almost doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America in the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the American westward expansion to the Pacific, later called Manifest Destiny. It involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans. The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina. First phase of Padri War (to 1825). France suppress rebellion and recover Haiti; Toussaint Louverture dies in prison in France.
1804
1804–1810: Fulani Jihad in Nigeria. 1804–1813: Russo-Persian War. 1804–1815: Serbian revolution erupts against the Ottoman rule. Suzerainty of Serbia recognized in 1817. Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic. Lewis and Clark Expedition in western U.S. Austrian Empire founded by Francis I. Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French. World population reaches 1 billion. First steam locomotive begins operation. Morphine first isolated. British and Foreign Bible Society founded by William Wilberforce and Thomas Charles Symphony No. 3 by Beethoven, the "Eroica" marks the start of highly creative "middle period."
1805
1805–1848: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt. Third Coalition mobilizes against France. The Battle of Trafalgar, British victory by Admiral Nelson eliminates the French and Spanish fleets. Begins Royal Navy dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the British Empire. Napoleon decisively defeats an Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz.
1806
1806–1812: Russo-Turkish War, Treaty of Bucharest. Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg. Napoleon makes brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Naples & brother Louis Bonaparte king of Holland. Cape Colony becomes part of the British Empire.
1807
Britain and the United States separately make the Slave Trade a criminal act. First treaty of Tilsit: Russia allies with France against Britain in the War of the Fourth Coalition Second treaty of Tilsit: Napoleon reorganizes Eastern Europe; rump Prussia becomes ally. Napoleon's Milan Decree reinforces Continental System and escalates the trade war. Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen and seizes Danish fleet. Potassium and Sodium are individually isolated by Humphry Davy. Beethoven performs his Fifth Symphony.
1808
1808–1809: Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War. 1808–1814: Spanish guerrillas fight in the Peninsular War. Herman Willem Daendels the Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (1808–1811) begin the construction of Java Great Post Road. Sierra Leone becomes a British colony. Beethoven premieres his 5th Symphony at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna.
1809
Napoleon invades the Papal States and adds it to the French Empire, making his young son the King of Rome. Pope Pius VII excommunicates Napoleon and is later imprisoned at Savon. Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim. Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5, "The Emperor."
1810s
1810
1810s–1820s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires after the Latin American wars of independence. The University of Berlin was founded. Among its students and faculty are Hegel, Marx, and Bismarck. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities). The Grito de Dolores begins the Mexican War of Independence. The trumpet receives valves.
1811
May 14: Paraguay declares independence from the Spanish empire (recognized May 15).
1812
1812–1815: War of 1812 between the United States and Britain; ends in a draw, except that Native Americans lose power. The French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated. Great Britain experiences widespread economic distress; worst year of Luddite rioting.
1813
1813–1837: Afghan-Sikh Wars. Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice. William Hedley's Puffing Billy demonstrates power of steam locomotives.
1814
1814–1816: Territorial disputes and expansionist ambitions start the Anglo-Nepalese War between Nepal (Gurkha Empire) and the British Empire. Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba. Elisha Collier invents the flintlock revolver.
1815
April: Mount Tambora in Sumbawa island erupts, becoming the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history, destroying Tambora culture, and killing at least 71,000 people, including its aftermath. The eruption created global climate anomalies known as "volcanic winter". The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. Reaction and conservatism dominate all of Europe.Frederick Artz, Reaction and Revolution, 1814–1832 (1934) The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but the forces of liberalism and nationalism make for dramatic changes. It marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1914. Napoleon escapes exile and begins the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St Helena. His defeat brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars. Jane Austen publishes Emma in December.
1816
1816–1828: Shaka's Zulu Kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa. 1816–1817: widespread economic distress in Europe.John D. Post, "The economic crisis of 1816–1817 and its social and political consequences." Journal of Economic History 30.1 (1970): 248-250. Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely influenced by the 1815 explosion of Mount Tambora. Independence of Argentina. Dandy horse/velocipede bicycle invented. Camera is invented.
1817
Principality of Serbia becomes suzerain from the Ottoman Empire. Officially independent in 1867. First Seminole War begins in Florida. Russia commences its conquest of the Caucasus. Princess Charlotte of Wales dies following childbirth.
1818
Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Independence of Chile. The Old Vic is established (under the name of the Royal Coburg).
1819
Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward. McCulloch v. Maryland. John Keats writes his odes of 1819. Peterloo Massacre in England. The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company. Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.
1820s
1820
1820–1835: At least 5000 Mexicans die in Apache raids, and 100 settlements are destroyed.Spring Hermann (1997) "Geronimo: Apache freedom fighter". Enslow Publishers. p.26 1820–1842: In the Industrial Revolution child labor was exploited more than ever, especially in cotton factories and mines. Missouri Compromise on the slavery issue in U.S. Revolutions of 1820 in Southern Europe. Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves. Dissolution of the Maratha Empire in India.
1821
1821–1830: Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence. Navarino massacre of Turks living in Greece. Napoleon Bonaparte dies in exile on the island of Saint Helena. Mexico gains independence from Spain with the Treaty of Córdoba. Peru declares its independence from Spain.
1822
1822–1823: First Mexican Empire, as Mexico's first post-independent government, ruled by Emperor Agustín I of Mexico. Prince Pedro of Brazil proclaimed the Brazilian independence on 7 September. On 1 December, he was crowned as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil. Denmark Vesey is arrested and executed for attempting to incite a slave insurrection in South Carolina.
1823
1823–1887: The British Empire annexed Burma (now also called Myanmar) after three Anglo-Burmese Wars. Monroe Doctrine declared by US President James Monroe in cooperation with Britain.
1824
Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Cadbury opens a chocolate shop in Birmingham, England. Gibbons v. Ogden, a landmark decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the power to regulate interstate commerce encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
1825
1825–1828: The Cisplatine War results in the independence of Uruguay. Erie Canal opens in New York connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. First isolation of aluminum. Independence of Bolivia. The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway in the world, opens in England. The Decembrist revolt in Russia is suppressed. Java War. (to 1830)
1826
1826–1829: Founding of University College London in 1826 and King's College London in 1829. 1826–1828: After the final Russo-Persian War, the Persian Empire took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war. Auspicious Incident; the destruction of the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire. Prime Minister Robert Peel reforms English criminal law and redefines law of property. American Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
1827
Allies destroy Turkish fleet at the Battle of Navarino. With the Treaty of London, Britain, France and Russia guarantee the independence of Greece. Nicéphore Niépce invents photography. Deaths of William Blake and Ludwig van Beethoven.
1828
1828–1832: Black War in Tasmania leads to the near extinction of Aboriginal Tasmanians. Prime Minister Robert Peel secures repeal of Test & Corporation Acts, This gives religious liberty to Nonconformists in Britain but deeply splits Tory party.
1829
First electric motor built. Robert Peel founds the Metropolitan Police Service, the first modern police force. Treaty of Edirne following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres. Gioachino Rossini, William Tell Italian opera.
1830s
1830
The Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints is established by Joseph Smith as prophet and president of the Church. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. U.S. Congress passes the Indian Removal Act which authorized the President to negotiate removal treaties with many native tribes living east of the Mississippi. This act led to the forced removal of several native tribes over the next century. Anglo-Russian rivalry over Afghanistan, the Great Game, commences and concludes in 1895. July Revolution in France. The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium. Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador, and Venezuela took its place. November Uprising in Poland against Russia; it fails.