James Matheson (1796–1878) was a Scottish trader in India.
James Matheson may also refer to:
James Matheson (skier) (born 1995), Australian freestyle skier James Matheson (composer) (born 1970), American composer James Gunn Matheson (1912–2007), Scottish minister Jim Matheson (born 1960), American politician Jim Matheson (journalist) (born 1949), Canadian sports journalist See also James Mathison (born 1978), Australian television presenter