Hezhang Buyi () or Shui is a nearly extinct, divergent Northern Tai language spoken in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China. It has a Kra substratum. Like other Kra languages (Gelao and Buyang), Maza, and Tujia, Hezhang Buyi displays circumfixal negation. Hezhang Buyi was only discovered in 2013.
Classification Andrew Hsiu (2017) considers Hezhang Buyi to be an unknown Kra language that had become relexified by neighboring Northern Tai languages. Although its autonym is , it is highly divergent from the other Buyi dialects of Guizhou (Hsiu 2017).Hsiu, Andrew. 2017. Hezhang Buyi: a highly endangered Northern Tai language with a Kra substratum. Hezhang Buyi has lost all final stop consonants. It shares lexical and phonological similarities with Buyi dialects spoken in Zhijin County and Shuicheng County of western Guizhou, as well as with Gelao and Lachi. The substrate language of Hezhang Buyi cannot be traced to any modern-day Kra language, but appears to share similarities with various Gelao and Lachi lects.
Phonology
Consonants Hsiu (2017) lists the following consonants: +Hezhang Buyi consonantsBilabialAlveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarUvularGlottalPlosiveVoicelessʰ ʰ ʰ Voiced ʰ ˀʰ ˀAffricateVoicelesst͡ɕVoicedd͡ʑFricativeVoicelesssʂɕVoicedzʐʑ ˀʑNasalɳŋLateral ɬ ˀl The voiced retroflex ʐ is only found in the word mʐi21 'year'. ˀb, ˀd, ˀl, and ˀʐ are pre-glottalized consonants.
Vowels Hsiu (2017) identifies the following vowels: +Hezhang Buyi vowelsFrontCentralBackUnroundedRoundedCloseiɯuClose-mideoMidəOpen-midæɛɔOpenaɑ
Tones Hezhang Buyi has five tones. These are:
33 - mid level 55 - high level 21 - low falling 35 - rising 53 - high falling
Distribution Hezhang Buyi is spoken in Dazhai 大寨, Fuchu township 辅处乡, Hezhang County 赫章县, Guizhou, and may also be spoken in (Hsiu 2017): Yuguo village 雨果村, Weining County Zhuyuan 竹园, Kele Township 可乐乡, Hezhang County Tangbian 塘边, Zhuming Township 朱明乡, Hezhang County
Further reading Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. “Shui” varieties of western Guizhou and Yunnan. Presented at the 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46), Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, August 7–10, 2013 (Session: Tai-Kadai Workshop).
References
Data sources Hsiu, Andrew. 2017b. Hezhang Buyi (Dazhai) audio word list. Zenodo. Hsiu, Andrew. 2017c. Hezhang Buyi (Tiejiang) audio word list. Zenodo.