A great number of movies have been made about race relations, or with a strong racial theme over the last century, from D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915) to Marvel Studios' Black Panther (2018).Jaap van Ginneken, Screening Difference: How Hollywood's Blockbuster Films Imagine Race, Ethnicity and Culture, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, 2007.
Early years (1915–1960) D. W. Griffith's 1915 film The Birth of a Nation set the precedent for heavily racialized stereotypes of African Americans (many played by white actors in blackface) as clowns or predators, and cast the Ku Klux Klan as the saviours of white America.Melvin Stokes, D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation, Oxford University Press, 2007. Later films, such as Dark Command (1940),Garry Wills, John Wayne's America, New York, Touchstone, 1997, p. 103. Song of the South (1946) and Gone With the Wind (1939), repeated some of those stereotypes.
Other films such as the Marx Brothers' A Day at the Races and Hellzapoppin' showcased early black performers including Whitey's Lindy Hoppers and Slim and Slam.Robert Crease, "Divine Frivolity: Hollywood Representations of the Lindy Hop, 1937–1942", in Krin Gabbard, Representing Jazz, Duke University Press, 1995. With Carmen Jones (1954) and Porgy and Bess (1959), Hollywood put George Gershwin's and Oscar Hammerstein II's Broadway shows – that reworked Jazz performances for white audiences – on screen with stars Harry Belafonte and Dorothy Dandridge.Jim Pines, "Blacks in the Cinema: The Changing Image", British Film Institute, 1971.
Race films marketed to black audiences included Hi-De-Ho featuring Jazz performer Cab Calloway.Manthia Diawara (ed.), Black American Cinema, Routledge, New York, 1993.
The quintessential American film, the western was often about implicitly about race, since it described the westward journey of colonists into the lands of Native Americans.Michael Coyne, The Crowded Prairie, I.B Tauris, 1998, pp. 5–6.
Civil Rights era With the growth of the Civil Rights Movement Hollywood was on the whole on the liberal side, with films such as To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), West Side Story (1961), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) and In the Heat of the Night (1967) looking at race prejudice critically.Hernán Vera and Andrew M. Gordon, Screen Saviors: Hollywood Fictions of Whiteness, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
"Blaxploitation" and "gangsta" films With the rise of the Black Panther Party, Hollywood tried to stay relevant with Black Power-themed films such as Shaft (1971), Superfly (1972) and Foxy Brown (1974), which became known as Blaxploitation films. However, the new genre was an opportunity for director Melvin van Peebles and actors including Richard Rountree, Pam Grier and also for musician Curtis Mayfield whose sound track accompanied the 1972 hit Superfly.Amy Abugo Ongiri, Spectacular Blackness: The Cultural Politics of the Black Power Movement and the Search for a Black Aesthetic, University of Virginia, 2009, especially chapter five.
Though Blaxploitation genre is in the past, filmmakers have excited black and white audiences with stories of gangs and crime that tread a fine line between glorifying and vilifying gangsters, such as New Jack City (1991), South Central (1992) and Juice (1992). Rap music, too, has given a new dimension to black gang films, with All Eyez on Me (2017) about the life and death of Tupac Shakur, and Notorious (2009) about the killing of Notorious B.I.G.Robin M. Boylorn, "From Boys to Men: Hip-Hop, Hood Films, and the Performance of Contemporary Black Masculinity", Black Camera, Volume 8, Number 2, Spring 2017 (New Series), pp. 146–164.
Race revenge fantasies In the 1970s and 1980s a backlash against Civil Rights was met by more films about black criminality threatening white communities. In Sudden Impact (1983), Clint Eastwood's character Harry Callahan goads a black rapist holding a woman hostage, "Go ahead, make my day" – meaning, "Shoot her, so I can shoot you."Michael Rogin, Make My Day!': Spectacle as Amnesia in Imperial Politics", Representations, No. 29 (Winter, 1990), pp. 99–123, p. 103. The Dirty Harry series of films, like the Death Wish one, appealed to a reaction against Civil Rights with fantasy violence against black and other criminals.
Another way that films titillated white audiences was with fantasies of black people rising up against white society. The British film Zulu (1964) showed a small platoon of Redcoats fighting against thousands of Zulu warriors at Rorke's Drift at the end of the 19th century. Later John Carpenter achieved a similar effect surrounding a police station with a coalescence of Puerto Rican gangs in Assault on Precinct 13 (1976).
Historical civil rights, Jim Crow era, Civil War and slavery films By the 1990s American attitudes on race were becoming more liberal and a new wave of films looked back at the Civil Rights Movement as history, beginning with Alan Parker's Mississippi Burning of 1989, right through to Ghosts of Mississippi in 1996.Allison Graham, Framing the South, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, p. 147. More recently, Ava DuVernay's 2014 film Selma has shown there is much more in the civil rights era. The Civil War also got a different historical treatment in the 1989 film Glory, about black Union troops.Jim Cullen, "The Civil War in Popular Culture", Smithsonian, 1995. Civil War dramas like Lincoln (2012) and Free State of Jones (2016). Historical dramas proved a rich seam for Hollywood which went on to deal with slavery in Steven Spielberg's Amistad (1997) and Steven McQueen's 12 Years a Slave (2013).Jasmine Nichole Cobb, American Literary History, Volume 26, Number 2, Summer 2014, pp. 339–346 (Article). More radical black leaders, such as Malcolm X and the Black Panthers, had their story told in films by Spike Lee and Mario Van Peebles in 1992 and 1995.
Social comment films since 1990 As well as a great rise in the number of historical dramas around the issues of slavery, civil rights and historical racism, more social comment films about race relations have been made since the 1990s. Spike Lee's breakout movie Do the Right Thing (1989) opened up the field for a lot more searching examination of race in the present day. Films such as Justin Simien's 2014 comedy Dear White People, the Academy award-winning Moonlight (2016) and Jordan Peele's 2017 horror film Get Out show that film audiences continue to be gripped by racial conflict.
Notable films with a race theme, by year released