91st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (91st HAA Rgt) was a part-time unit of Britain's Territorial Army (TA) formed in the West Riding of Yorkshire just before the outbreak of World War II. Its service during the war included Home Defence during the Battle of Britain and The Blitz, and a length period in Middle East Forces. Postwar, it continued to serve in the TA in the air defence role until 1955.
Origin In the period of international tension of the late 1930s, the TA's Anti-Aircraft (AA) strength grew rapidly, much of this expansion being achieved by splitting existing units. 91st Anti-Aircraft Regiment was formed in the Royal Artillery on 7 March 1939 with a new regimental headquarters (RHQ) and one battery at Goole (then in the West Riding), but also drawing on two existing batteries:Frederick, pp. 755, 778.Monthly Army List, various dates.Litchfield, pp. 266–7. RHQ at Goole Commanding Officer (CO): Lieutenant-Colonel K.G. Chilman, formerly of 221 AA Bty 221 (1st West Riding) AA Bty at Lumley Barracks, York – transferred on 7 March 1939 from 62nd (Northumbrian) AA Rgt, but originally converted from a battery of 54th (West Riding and Durham) Medium Brigade 270 (Wentworth) AA Bty at Wentworth, South Yorkshire – transferred from 68th (North Midland) AA Rgt under which it had been forming at Rotherham in January 1939 286 AA Bty at Goole – newly formed
World War II Mobilisation In June 1939, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected gun positions. On 22 August, the whole of Anti-Aircraft Command was mobilised ahead of the declaration of war.Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371. The regiment deployed in the Humber Gun Zone as part of 39 AA Bde in 2 AA Division (although a new 7 AA Division was being formed to cover the area north of the Humber, its exact responsibilities had still to be worked out). RHQ was established at Paull Vicarage, and it drew its ammunition from the nearby Paull magazine. 221 (WR) Battery was at two sites on the south bank of the Humber, each with 4 x 3.7-inch guns, 270 Bty was at Paull, and 286 Bty at King George Dock, Hull, and at Brough. The regiment also temporarily deployed eight sections armed with Lewis guns to the radar station at Staxton-on-Wold in the light AA (LAA) role. (39 AA Brigade already referred to its AA gun regiments as HAA to distinguish them from the specialist LAA units that were being formed; this became official across the Royal Artillery on 1 June 1940.)AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.91 HAA Rgt War Diary 1939–41, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 166/2382.39 AA Bde War Diary 1939–41, TNA file WO 166/2272.
On the outbreak of war, the Humber Gun Zone had 30 HAA guns, of which 28 were operational. These included 3-inch, 3.7-inch and 4.5-inch guns, but there was considerable shifting of guns between sites during the winter of 1939–40.Routledge, Table LIX, p. 377. On 23 September 1939, 91st HAA Rgt and the Humber Gun Zone were transferred to the command of 31 (North Midland) AA Bde in 7 AA Division but returned to 39 AA Bde and 2 AA Division in May 1940. In May, a composite battery drawn from 221 and 270 Btys was temporarily lent to 44 AA Bde to man a mobile 8-gun battery at Crewe.91 HAA Rgt Operation Orders 1940–42 in TNA file WO file 166/7462.
Additional guns began to arrive in the Humber zone, for example 286 HAA Bty took over eight newly arrived 4.5-inch guns on three sites north of the Humber in May and 221 HAA Bty established a new 4 x 3.7-inch gunsite at Stallingborough in June. As of 11 July, the Humber Gun Zone had 38 operational HAA guns.Collier, Appendix IX. In July, 286 HAA Bty moved to 2 AA Division HQ at Kimberley, Nottinghamshire, to become a divisional reserve battery and was replaced by 270 Bty back from Crewe. 286 Battery was soon deployed from Kimberley to man two semi-mobile 3-inch guns to defend RAF Horsham St Faith, with a section near Norwich. RHQ moved about this time to The Elms, Ulceby, North Lincolnshire.
Battle of Britain and Blitz After the Fall of France, German day and night air raids and mine laying began along the East Coast of England, intensifying through June 1940. Several times the Humber HAA guns (62nd and 91st HAA Rgts) were in action against aircraft attacking the Salt End and North Killingholme oil installations, and the regiment claimed its first two 'kills' on the night of 26/27 June. It claimed another three by the middle of August.
Luftwaffe night raids over the Humber increased during August while the Battle of Britain was under way, but were still small in scale. 221 HAA Battery was nominated as a reserve battery with mobile guns, and during September it was sent to reinforce 26 (London) AA Bde defending London as The Blitz got under way (where one gunner was killed by a bomb blast). In mid-October, 270 Bty and half of 286 HAA Bty (from Horsham St Faith) were sent by 39 AA Bde to reinforce the Sheffield Gun Zone under the command of 67th (York and Lancaster) HAA Rgt, while the other half of 286 Bty went to London to reinforce 221 Bty. 221 Battery moved from London to Norwich in October, and then to Nottingham and Derby in December. The CO, Lt-Col Chilman, went to command a training regiment in October and was replaced by Lt-Col K.W. MacKichan.
Sheffield Blitz Throughout the night of 12/13 December, the Humber guns engaged large numbers of bombers passing over on their way to attack Sheffield and Rotherham (the Sheffield Blitz). On 10 January 1941, 270 and 286 HAA Btys returned to man gun positions in the Humber Gun Zone, with 286 HAA Bty establishing its HQ at Barrow upon Humber. 221 HAA Battery also returned, to Scawby and Scunthorpe, on 20 February 1941. The regiment was now concentrated on the south bank of the Humber, and its CO was AA Defence Commander (AADC) for Scunthorpe.
A new 10th AA Division was created in November 1940, and 39 AA Bde was transferred to it on 20 January 1941.Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396.Farndale, Annex D.
Hull Blitz
In February 1941, the Luftwaffe began a campaign of intensive minelaying in the Humber, and 'barrage fire' against the circling raiders was pretty much guesswork. However, barrage fire partially disrupted a heavy raid against Hull and Grimsby on the night of 23/24 February. Predicted concentrations, using Gun Laying (GL) Radar, were more effective if there were not too many targets. 395 HAA Battery, formed at 206th HAA Training Regiment at Arborfield on 12 December 1940 by a cadre drawn from 91st HAA Rgt, joined the regiment on 10 March 1941 and took over two 2-gun 4.5-inch sites.
Hull was raided regularly during the better weather of March 1941, with a serious raid on 13/14 March leaving many fires burning and numerous casualties, while Hull Docks was attacked on 31 March/1 April. The most concentrated attacks came on the nights of 7/8 and 8/9 May (the Hull Blitz). On the first night, fires started in the city acted as a beacon for subsequent waves of bombers, and the telephone lines to the Gun Operations Room were cut. The Humber guns fired 1950 rounds that night. On the second night, the bombers starting dive-bombing the still-burning city in groups, making predicted fire difficult, but the guns fired about 3400 rounds. The two-night blitz resulted in over 400 deaths in the city. However, after this the number of raids against the UK tailed away and the Blitz is considered to have ended on 16 May, though periodic raids on Hull still occurred, causing damage and deaths.39 AA Bde War Diary June–December 1941, TNA file WO 166/2273.Collier, Chapter 17.Collier, Appendix XXX.Pile's despatch. RHQ moved from Ulceby to The Manor, Healing, Lincolnshire, on 14 May.
Mid war
Old 3-inch guns continued to be replaced by static 3.7 and 4.5-inch HAA guns as they became available during the summer of 1941. In October, 16 additional 3.7-inch guns arrived for the Humber Gun Defence Area (GDA) as the zone was now termed, and additional units came to man them, including 80th (Berkshire) HAA Rgt, while 184 HAA Bty of 66th (Leeds Rifles) HAA Rgt from Rotherham was attached to 91st HAA Rgt and took over Scunthorpe. This battery was replaced in mid-December by 421 HAA Bty of the same regiment, until it left at the end of February 1942. 478 HAA Bty, formed at 206th HAA Training Rgt from a cadre provided by 91st HAA Rgt in September, joined on 3 December, taking over two 4-gun sites at Goxhill Haven and Barrow Haven, while 270 (Wentworth) Bty was transferred to 106th HAA Rgt in 2 AA Division to make room for the new battery.
During 1941, the regiment claimed three enemy aircraft shot down (Category 1) and another possible (Cat. 3).
62nd (Northumbrian) HAA Rgt on the north bank of the Humber had become a unit of the field force rostered for overseas service, and in January 1942 120 of its men who were not fit for overseas service and were to remain in AA Command were transferred to 91st HAA Rgt, in exchange for a similar number of men posted to LAA training regiments.91 HAA Rgt War Diary January–May 1942, TNA file WO 166/7462.
During March, 478 Bty began to convert into a 'Mixed' unit in which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) took over many roles, accounting for around two-thirds of its personnel. Forty-five men were transferred to the regiment's other batteries to replace men of low medical category, and the surplus men were transferred to rocket 'Z' batteries, reserve and LAA training regiments.Routledge, pp. 399–400. A reshuffle of the Humber gun positions saw 91st HAA Rgt taking over some sites from 80th (Berkshire) HAA Rgt, which had left the area, and 208 Bty of 58th (Kent) HAA Rgt being temporarily attached to the regiment.39 AA Bde War Diary 1942, TNA file WO 166/7396.Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/80.
On 21 April 1942, 91st HAA Rgt transferred to 65 AA Bde, which was taking over 39 AA Bde's HAA commitments. But, on 26 April, the regiment received the warning order to leave AA Command and mobilise under War Office control for overseas service. It handed over its gunsites to other units and moved to the West Riding Mobilisation Centre at Headingley, Leeds, with the three all-male batteries (221, 286 and 395). After retraining at 210th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry, 478 (M) Battery joined 161st HAA Rgt in AA Command.<ref name = Frederick755/Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/81.Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional units), 2 April 1942, with amendments, TNA files WO 212/515.
Middle East
91st HAA Regiment embarked on HM Transport H13 at Glasgow on 28 May 1942, and after breaking its journey at Durban, disembarked from HMT H4 at Suez on 23 July under the command of Lt-Col R.M. Guest. After a period in Egypt, the regiment was ordered on 10 September to go Beirut in Lebanon, which had been captured from hostile Vichy French forces the previous year. The personnel went by train while the regimental transport followed by road. 221 HAA Battery continued on to Tripoli, where the officer commanding became AADC in defence of the oil terminal. 286 and 395 HAA Batteries took over sites protecting Beirut harbour, some of which had 3.7-inch guns and Mk II Gun-Laying Radar, while the others had old French 75 mm guns. Lieutenant-Colonel Guest became AADC Beirut, and was also responsible for 13 AA Operations Room (AAOR), 122 LAA Bty (13th LAA Rgt) and 501 Czechoslovak LAA Bty. The regiment came under the command of 20 AA Bde as part of Ninth Army.91 HAA Rgt War Diary June–December 1942, TNA file WO 169/4809.Routledge, p. 198; Table XXIV, p. 162.Joslen, p. 487.