The Paraíba do Sul (), or simply Paraíba, is a river in southeast Brazil. It flows west to northeast from its farthest source at the source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos dos Goytacazes. The river receives its name when it meets the river Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam.
Its main tributaries are the rivers Jaguari, Buquira, Paraibuna, Preto, Pomba and Muriaé. These last two are the longest and join the main river and from the mouth respectively .
The valley of the Paraíba do Sul ranges from the latitudes 20°26' and 23°39'S and the longitudes of 41° and 46°30'W and covers an area of about distributed over three states. The main economic activities are industry and cattle raising.
Navigation Presently only two parts of the river can be navigated: The lower section, between the mouth and São Fidélis, about 90 km. It has a declivity of 22 cm/km. There is incipient navigation carried out by small boats that transport mainly construction material to the city of Campos dos Goytacazes. The upper middle section, between Cachoeira Paulista and Guararema, about . Despite the small declivity of 19 cm/km, navigation is restricted to tourist boats. Elsewhere navigation is hampered by various obstacles; waterfalls, rapids, sections with great declivity and various hydroelectric works with no locks. Other factors impeding navigation are the existence of highway and railway bridges, the proximity of roads and railways following the riverbank and the location of several cities on its banks.
Centres of population The Paraíba Valley is very fertile and has always been a region of relatively dense population. Cities located on or near the river are State of Rio de Janeiro: Barra do Piraí Barra Mansa Três Rios Paraiba do Sul Sapucaia Campos dos Goytacazes - center of a rich sugar cane growing area Vassouras - site of a highly respected agricultural university Volta Redonda - site of Brazil's first steel industry) State of São Paulo: Aparecida - site of Brazil's most famous Marian pilgrimage site Guaratinguetá São José dos Campos - high-tech industry and home to Embraer, Brazil's aircraft manufacturer Taubaté - Volkswagen and Ford plants State of Minas Gerais: Além Paraíba Estrela Dalva Juiz de Fora - Important manufacturing city on the Paraibuna River, one of the major tributaries of the Paraíba.
Ecology
Unlike rivers in northern Brazil where seasonal variations in water temperature generally are relatively limited, those in southern Brazil, such as Paraíba do Sul, exhibit distinct differences between winter and summer. During a survey of the river in Lorena, São Paulo, the water varied from in the summer to in the winter.Napoleão, D.A.; Filho, H.J.; Siqueira, A.F; Guimarães, O.L.; Gomes, M.A.; and Castro, R.T. (2012). Monitoramento da qualidade da água do rio paraíba do sul no município de Lorena-SP. The pH is neutral and generally fluctuates between 6 and 8.Pinto, B.C.T.; Peixoto, M.G.; and Araújo, F.G. (2006). Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 4(2): 269-278.Silva, L.B.C. (2008). Avaliação espaço-temporal de metais pesados no rio paraíba do sul e rio imbé por meio de plantas de eichhornia crassipes (mart.) solms (aguapé), séston e sedimento. Masters Thesis. UENF/Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Rio de Janeiro.
The Paraíba do Sul basin is home to just above 100 native fish species with most in the families Loricariidae, Characidae and Trichomycteridae.Hales, J.; and Petry, P: Paraiba do Sul. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 27 August 2014. About 40% of the fish species in the river basin are endemic (the genus Oligobrycon is entirely restricted to the basin) and new species have been discovered in recent years, including the small catfish Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis that only was scientifically described in 2013.Silva, G.C.; Roxo, F.; and Oliveira, C. (2013). Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis, a new catfish species from Rio Paraíba do Sul basin, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). ZooKeys 315: 65-76.
As a consequence of flowing through one of the most densely populated and industrialised parts of Brazil, the Paraíba do Sul suffers from pollution.Pinto, B.C.T; Peixoto, M.G.; and Araújo, F.G. (2006). Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 4(2).Calza, C.; Anjosa, M.J.; Castroa, C.R.F.; Barrosob, R.C.; Araujoc, F.G.; and Lopesa, R.T. (2004). Evaluation of heavy metals levels in the Paraíba do Sul River by SRTXRF in muscle, gonads and gills of Geophagus brasiliensis. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 71: 787–788.ICMBio (2011). Plano de Ação Nacional para Conservação das Espécies Aquáticas da Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Série Espécies Ameaçadas 16. Studies of the native cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis have found that levels of some heavy metals exceed the limits set by the Brazilian Food Legislation. Other threats are dams and the approximately 70 introduced species,Moraes, M.B. (2014). PAN conclui levantamento preliminar de espécies alóctones e exóticas na bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Grupo Assessor do Pan 13(1). including 46 species of non-native fishMagalhães, A.L.B.; and Jacobi, C.M. (2008). Ornamental exotic fish introduced into Atlantic Forest water bodies, Brazil. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 3(2): 73-77. and the parasitic copepod Lernaea cyprinacea.Magalhães, A.L.B. (2006). First record of lernaeosis in a native fish species from a natural environment in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 1(1): 8-10 Several native species (e.g., Brycon insignis,Matsumoto, C.K.; and Hilsdorf, A.W.S. (2009). Microsatellite variation and population genetic structure of a neotropical endangered Bryconinae species Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877: implications for its conservation and sustainable management. Neotropical Ichthyology 7(3). Pogonopoma parahybae and Steindachneridion parahybaeHonji, R.M.; Tolussi, C.E.; Mello; P.H.; Caneppele, D.; and Moreira, R.G. (2012). Embryonic development and larval stages of Steindachneridion parahybae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) - implications for the conservation and rearing of this endangered Neotropical species. Neotropical Ichthyology 10(2).) are seriously threatened, and a general fall in abundance and species richness has been observed. Some, such as the endemic Hypostomus auroguttatus, have successfully adapted to the changes.Gomes, I.D.; Araújo, F.G.; Nascimento, A.A.; and Sales, A. (March 2014). Equilibrium reproductive strategy of the armored catfish Hypostomus auroguttatus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in a tropical river in Southeastern Brazil. Environmental Biology of Fishes. The catfish Potamarius grandoculis is only known from the vicinity of the mouth of the Paraíba do Sul and Doce Rivers, but it may already be extinct.ICMBio (Ministry of the Environment, Brazil): Portaria MMA nº 445, de 17 de dezembro de 2014. Lista de Especies Ameaçadas - Saiba Mais. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
Other threatened species in the Paraíba do Sul basin are the bivalves Diplodon dunkerianus, D. expansus and D. fontaineanus, and the Hoge's side-necked turtle (Mesoclemmys hogei).
A national conservation plan with recommendations for the river basin was published in 2010.
References