The Codex Vaticanus is a manuscript of the Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old Testament and the majority of the New Testament. It is designated by the siglum B or 03 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and as δ 1 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. It is one of the four great uncial codices. Along with Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Sinaiticus, it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 4th century AD. The codex is named after its place of conservation in the Vatican Library, where it has been kept since at least the 15th century.
The manuscript became known to Western scholars as a result of correspondence between textual critic Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (known usually as Erasmus) and the prefects of the Vatican Library. Portions of the codex were collated by several scholars, but numerous errors were made during this process. The codex's relationship to the Latin Vulgate and the value Jerome placed on it is unclear. In the 19th century AD transcriptions of the full codex were completed. It was at that point that scholars became more familiar with the text and how it differed from the more common Textus Receptus (a critical edition of the Greek New Testament based on earlier editions by Erasmus).
Most current scholars consider Codex Vaticanus to be one of the most important Greek witnesses to the Greek text of the New Testament, followed by Codex Sinaiticus. Until the discovery by Tischendorf of Sinaiticus, Vaticanus was considered to be unrivalled. It was extensively used by textual critics Brooke F. Westcott and Fenton J. A. Hort in their edition of The New Testament in the Original Greek in 1881. The most widely sold editions of the Greek New Testament are largely based on the text of the Codex Vaticanus.
Description
The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book) in quarto volume, written on 759 leaves of fine and thin vellum (sized , although originally bigger), in uncial letters, arranged in quires of five sheets or ten leaves each, similar to Codex Marchalianus or Codex Rossanensis; but unlike Codex Sinaiticus which has an arrangement of four or three sheets. The number of the quires is often found in the margin. Originally it must have been composed of 830 parchment leaves, but it appears that 71 leaves have been lost. The Old Testament currently consists of 617 sheets and the New Testament of 142 sheets. The codex is written in three columns per page, with 40–44 lines per column, and 16–18 letters per line. In the poetical books of the Old Testament (OT) there are only two columns to a page. There are 44 lines in a column in the Pentateuch (first five books of the OT), Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and 1 Kings 1:1–19:11; in 2 Chronicles 10:16–26:13 there are 40 lines in a column; and in the New Testament always 42. The manuscript is one of the very few New Testament manuscripts to be written with three columns per page. The other two Greek codices written in that way are Uncial 048 and Uncial 053.
The Greek lettering in the codex is written continuously in small and neat letters. All the letters are equally distant from each other; no word is separated from the other, with each line appearing to be one long word. Punctuation is rare (accents and breathings have been added by a later hand) except for some blank spaces, diaeresis on initial iotas and upsilons, abbreviations of the nomina sacra (abbreviations of certain words and names considered sacred in Christianity) and markings of OT citations. The first letter of a new chapter sometimes protrudes a little from the column. The OT citations were marked by an inverted comma or diplai (>). There are no enlarged initials; no stops or accents; no divisions into chapters or sections such as are found in later manuscripts.
The text of the Gospels is not divided according to the Ammonian Sections with references to the Eusebian Canons, but is divided into peculiar numbered sections: Matthew has 170, Mark 61, Luke 152, and John 80. This system is only found in two other manuscripts: Codex Zacynthius and Minuscule 579. There are two system divisions in the Acts and the Catholic Epistles which differ from the Euthalian Apparatus. In Acts, these sections are 36 (the same system as Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Amiatinus, and Codex Fuldensis) and according to the other system 69 sections. The chapters in the Pauline epistles are numbered continuously as the Epistles were regarded as comprising one book.
Text
Text-type In the Old Testament, the type of text varies, with a received text in Ezekiel and a rejected one in the Book of Isaiah. In Judges the text differs substantially from that of the majority of manuscripts, but agrees with the Old Latin, Sahidic version and Cyril of Alexandria. In Job, it has the additional 400 half-verses from Theodotion, which are not in the Old Latin and Sahidic versions. The text of the Old Testament was considered by critics, such as Hort and Cornill, to be substantially that which underlies Origen's Hexapla edition, completed by him at Caesarea and issued as an independent work (apart from the other versions with which Origen associated it) by Eusebius and Pamphilus.
In the New Testament, the Greek text of the codex is considered a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. It has been found to agree very closely with the text of Bodmer in the Gospels of Luke and John. has been dated to the beginning of the 3rd century, and hence is at least 100 years older than the Codex Vaticanus itself. This is purported to demonstrate (by recourse to a postulated earlier exemplar from which both and B descend) that Vaticanus accurately reproduces an earlier text from these two biblical books, which reinforces the reputation the codex held amongst Biblical scholars. It also strongly suggests that it may have been copied in Egypt.Calvin L. Porter, Papyrus Bodmer XV (P75) and the Text of Codex Vaticanus, JBL 81 (1962), pp. 363–376. In the Pauline epistles there is a distinctly Western element. Textual critic Kurt Aland placed it in Category I of his New Testament manuscript classification system. Category 1 manuscripts are described as "of a very special quality, i.e., manuscripts with a very high proportion of the early text, presumably the original text, which has not been preserved in its purity in any one manuscript."
Contents
The codex originally contained a virtually complete copy of the Greek Old Testament (known as the Septuagint / LXX), lacking only 1-4 Maccabees and the Prayer of Manasseh. The original 20 leaves containing Genesis 1:1–46:28a (31 leaves) and Psalm 105:27–137:6b have been lost. These were replaced by pages transcribed by a later hand in the 15th century. 2 Kings 2:5–7, 10–13 are also lost due to a tear to one of the pages. The order of the Old Testament books in the codex is as follows: Genesis to 2 Chronicles as normal; 1 Esdras; 2 Esdras (Ezra–Nehemiah); the Psalms; Proverbs; Ecclesiastes; Song of Songs; Job; Wisdom; Ecclesiasticus; Esther; Judith; Tobit; the minor prophets from Hosea to Malachi (but in the order: Hosea, Amos, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi); Isaiah; Jeremiah; Baruch; Lamentations and the Epistle of Jeremiah; Ezekiel and Daniel. This order differs from that followed in Codex Alexandrinus.
The extant New Testament portion contains the Gospels, Acts, the general epistles, the Pauline epistles, and the Epistle to the Hebrews (up to Hebrews 9:14, καθα[ριει); it is lacking 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Revelation. The missing part of Hebrews and Revelation were supplemented by a 15th-century minuscule hand (folios 760–768), and are catalogued separately as minuscule 1957. It is possible some apocryphal books from the New Testament were included at the end (as in codices Sinaiticus and Alexandrinus). It is also possible that Revelation was not included.
Non-included verses The text of the New Testament lacks several passages: Matthew 12:47 Matthew 16:2b–3
Mark 16:9–20 — The Book of Mark ends with verse 16:8.
(Christ's agony at Gethsemane)
(Pericope Adulterae) Acts 8:37
(NA26)
Phrases not in Vaticanus but in later manuscripts include Matthew 5:44 (bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you) omit - B ƒ k sy sa bo mae incl. - Majority of manuscripts (UBS3)
Matthew 10:37 (and he who loves son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me) omit - B* D incl. - B Majority of manuscripts
(or (his) mother) omit - B D a e sy sa incl. - Majority of manuscripts
(and be baptised with the baptism that I am baptised with) omit - B D L Z Θ 085 ƒ ƒ it sy sy sa incl. - Majority of manuscripts
(and be joined to his wife) omit - Sinaiticus Ψ 892 ℓ 48 syr go incl. - Majority of manuscripts
omit - B* K W Δ Ψ ƒ ƒ 28 579 700 1010 1079 1242 1546 2148 ℓ 10 ℓ 950 ℓ 1642 ℓ 1761 sy arm geo incl. - B Majority of manuscripts
(and He said: "You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives but to save them) omit - B C L Θ Ξ 33 700 892 1241 syr bo incl. - Majority of manuscripts
(but deliver us from evil) omit - B L ƒ 700 vg sy sa bo arm geo incl. - Majority of manuscripts
(And Jesus said: Father forgive them, they know not what they do.) omit - B D* W Θ 0124 1241 a d syr sa bo incl. - Majority of manuscripts
Additions Gospel of (and another took a spear, piercing His side, and out came water and blood - see ) incl. - B C L Γ 1010 1293 vg omit - Majority of manuscripts
Some notable readings
(son of Manasse) - B (son of Moses) - ASeptuaginta, ed. A. Rahlfs, Stuttgart 1979, vol. 1
Matthew 5:22 (without cause) omit - B vg eth incl. - Majority of manuscripts
(the third day) - B (singular reading) (the third day) - Majority of manuscripts
(the last) - B (singular reading) (the last) - D Θ ƒ 700 it (the first) - Majority of manuscripts
(desert) omit - B L ff2 sy sa bo incl. - Majority of manuscripts
(and opened the book) - B A L W Ξ 33 892 1195 1241 ℓ 547 syr sa bo (and unrolled the book) - D K Δ Θ Π Ψ ƒ ƒ 28 565 700 1009 1010 Majority of manuscripts
(not lawful) - B Codex Nitriensis 700 lat sa bo arm geo (not lawful to do) - Majority of manuscripts
(few things are needful, or only one) - B (singular reading; but see below) (few things are needful, or only one) - C L 070 ƒ 33 sy bo (one thing is needful) - Majority of manuscripts
(glorify my name) - B (singular reading) (glorify Your Son)- L X ƒ ƒ 33 1241 vg sy bo (glorify Your name) - Majority of manuscripts
(the Father) - B C* D L ℓ 844 bo (God) - C W Ψ ƒ ƒ Majority of manuscripts
(name of island) - B 1175 lat vg sy (name of island) - * A 33 81 614 945 1505 1739 vg sy (name of island) - Majority of manuscriptsFor more textual variants of this verse see: Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles.
- B D G - Majority of manuscripts
(sins) - B (singular reading) (desires) - Majority of manuscripts
(revealing) - B (singular reading) (upholding) - Majority of manuscripts
History Provenance