Taxonomy of Tulipa

The taxonomy of Tulipa places the genus in the family Liliaceae, and subdivides it as four subgenera, and comprises about 75 species.

History While tulips were known from at least the 12th century in Persia, and appear in decorative art in Turkey in the 13th century, the first description in European botanical literature, was by Conrad Gesner in his De Hortus Germanica (1561), which he referred to as Tulipa turcarum, and states he saw in a garden in Augsburg in 1559.

Phylogeny The taxonomy of Tulipa has always been complex and difficult for many reasons. Tulipa is a genus of the Liliaceae (lily) family, once one of the largest family of monocots, but which molecular phylogenetics has shown to be a much smaller discrete family with only 15 genera. Within Liliaceae, Tulipa is placed within Lilioideae, one of three subfamilies, with two tribes. Tribe Lilieae includes seven other genera in addition to Tulipa. Some species with a more eastern distribution (China, Korea, Japan) formerly classified as Tulipa are now considered as the separate genus Amana, including Amana edulis (Tulipa edulis). These species are more closely allied to Erythronium, although some authors believe that all three genera of the Tulipeae could be treated as a single genus.

The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships between the genera currently included in Liliaceae are shown in this Cladogram.

Subdivision Subgenera and sections Historically, subdivision of the genus and speciation (separation of species) has been based on vegetative and floral characters, but further research has shown these to be quite plastic, even within a species. Together with population variability, hybridisation and naturalisation, the classification and taxonomy of tulips has been complex and controversial.

The genus Tulipa was traditionally divided into two sections, Eriostemones and Tulipa (as Leiostemones), and comprises about 76 species. In 1997, the two sections were raised to subgenera and subgenus Tulipa was divided into five sections: Clusianae Eichleres subdivided into eight series Kopalkowskiana Tulipanum Tulipa Subgenus Eriostemones was divided into the sections: Biflores Sylvestres Saxatiles

In 2009, two other subgenera were proposed, Clusianae and Orithyia, and this total of four subgenera was corroborated by a 2013 study by Maarten Christenhusz and colleagues. That study did not find support for any of the previous sections proposed, and since hybridisation is relatively common, it is probably better to refrain from subdividing the subgenera any further.

Species Historically there has been considerable disagreement about the number of species within the genus. For instance tulips often grow in remote inaccessible hills and valleys where winters are harsh and summers long and dry, and may flower for only a short period, meaning that species are often missed. Furthermore, descriptions of species were often derived from studying cultivated bulbs, and the variability of the wild population was poorly understood. Many of these species were never identified in the wild. These taxonomic difficulties are those associated with long established cultivation, hybridisation, selection and naturalisation. Treatments of the genus vary considerably in how they deal with speciation, with some, such as the Flora Europaea (1980), taking a very broad approach, and others a much more narrow approach. For example, a broad approach treats T. orphanidea as a single variable species with a range of forms, while those using a narrow approach divide the species into T. bithynica, T. hageri and T. whittallii.

The number of accepted species has varied between 50 and 114, for instance The Plant List (2013) includes 113. A 2013 review lists 76, as described here. This list was used as the basis for Kew Gardens monograph of that year, The Genus Tulipa.

Subgenus Clusianae Image Scientific name DistributionTulipa clusiana Redouté (lady tulip) Greece, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W Himalayas Tulipa harazensis Rech.f. IranTulipa linifolia Regel (Bokhara tulip) Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, UzbekistanTulipa montana Lindl. Turkmenistan, Iran

Subgenus Orithyia Image Scientific name DistributionTulipa heteropetala Ledeb. Altay Krai, Kazakhstan, XinjiangTulipa heterophylla (Regel) Baker Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Kyrgyzstan Tulipa sinkiangensis Z.M.Mao XinjiangTulipa uniflora (L.) Besser ex Baker (Siberian tulip) Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Kazakhstan

Subgenus Tulipa

Image Scientific name DistributionTulipa agenensis Redouté (eyed tulip) Greece, Middle East Tulipa albanica Kit Tan & Shuka (Albanian tulip) Albania Tulipa alberti Regel (Albert's tulip) Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Tulipa aleppensis Boiss. ex Regel (Aleppo tulip) Turkey, Syria, LebanonTulipa altaica Pall. ex Spreng. (Altai tulip) Altai Krai, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang Tulipa anisophylla Vved. TajikistanTulipa armena Boiss. (Armenian tulip) Turkey, Iran, South Caucasus Tulipa banuensis Grey-Wilson (Afghan tulip) AfghanistanTulipa borszczowii Regel Kazakhstan Tulipa botschantzevae S.N.Abramova & Zakal. Turkmenistan, Iran Tulipa butkovii Botschantz. Uzbekistan Tulipa carinata Vved. (Pamir tulip) Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, AfghanistanTulipa cypria Stapf ex Turrill (Cyprian tulip) Cyprus Tulipa dubia Vved. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, KazakhstanTulipa eichleri Regel (Eichler's tulip) Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, accepted by the World Flora Online but regarded as a synonym of T. undulatifolia by others Tulipa faribae Ghahr., Attar & Ghahrem.-Nejad Iran Tulipa ferganica Vved. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan Tulipa foliosa TurkeyTulipa fosteriana W.Irving Afghanistan, Central AsiaTulipa gesneriana L. (garden tulip)Tulipa greigii Regel (maculate tulip) Iran, Central Asia Tulipa heweri Raamsd. AfghanistanTulipa hissarica Popov & Vved. Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Tulipa hoogiana B.Fedtsch. Turkmenistan, IranTulipa hungarica Borbás (Rhodope tulip) Hungary, Serbia, BulgariaTulipa iliensis Regel Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, XinjiangTulipa ingens (Tubergen's tulip) Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Tulipa julia K.Koch (Julia tulip) Turkey, South Caucasus, Syria, LebanonTulipa kaufmanniana Regel (waterlily tulip) Central AsiaTulipa kolpakowskiana Regel (sun tulip) Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang, Afghanistan Tulipa korolkowii Regel Central Asia Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi KosovoTulipa kuschkensis B.Fedtsch. Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Iran Tulipa lanata Regel Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W HimalayasTulipa lehmanniana Merckl. (Lehmann's tulip) Afghanistan, Iran, Central Asia Tulipa lemmersii KazakhstanTulipa micheliana Hoog Central Asia to N.E. Iran, accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , but regarded as a synonym of T. undulatifolia by others. Tulipa ostrowskiana Regel Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Tulipa persica (Lindl.) Sweet (Persian tulip) Iran Tulipa platystemon Vved. KyrgyzstanTulipa praestans H.B.May (multiflowered tulip) Tajikistan Tulipa scardica Bornm. (Balkan tulip) Kosovo, Greece Tulipa scharipovii Tojibaev Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan Tulipa schmidtii Fomin Iran, South Caucasus Tulipa serbica Tatic & Krivošej Kosovo, Serbia Tulipa sosnowskyi Achv. & Mirzoeva South CaucasusTulipa suaveolens (syn. Tulipa schrenkii) Roth (scented or Crimean tulip, Schrenck's tulip) Ukraine, Crimea, Russia and south of Siberia, Caucasus, Iran, Kazakhstan Tulipa subquinquefolia Vved. Tajikistan, UzbekistanTulipa systola Stapf Middle East Tulipa talassica Lazkov Kyrgyzstan Tulipa tetraphylla Regel Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, KyrgyzstanTulipa × tschimganica Botschantz. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan Tulipa ulophylla Wendelbo Iran Tulipa undulatifolia Boiss. Greece, Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, Iran, Central Asia Tulipa uzbekistanica Botschantz. & Sharipov UzbekistanTulipa vvedenskyi Botschantz. Tajikistan

Subgenus Eriostemones

Image Scientific name DistributionTulipa biflora Pall. (two-flowered tulip) Macedonia, Egypt, Crimea, Russia, Asia from Saudi Arabia to Xinjiang + Western SiberiaTulipa bifloriformis Vved. Central AsiaTulipa cinnabarina K.Perss. TurkeyTulipa cretica Boiss. & Heldr. (Cretan tulip) CreteTulipa dasystemon (Regel) Regel Central Asia, XinjiangTulipa humilis Herb. (rainbow tulip) T. humilis has been considered by some to include the following species, although the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families does not: Tulipa aucheriana Baker E. Turkey to Afghanistan Tulipa kurdica Wendelbo N. IraqTulipa pulchella (Regel) Baker S. & S.E. Turkey to N. Iran Tulipa violacea Boiss. & Buhse S.E. Transcaucasus Tulipa kolbintsevii Zonn. Kazakhstan Tulipa koyuncui Eker & Babaç Turkey Tulipa orithyioides Vved. Central AsiaTulipa orphanidea Boiss. & Heldr. (syn. T. hageri) (green or orange wild tulip) Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey Tulipa regelii Krassn. (plicate or Regel's tulip) KazakhstanTulipa saxatilis Sieber ex Spreng. (syn. T. bakeri) (rock tulip) Greece, TurkeyTulipa sprengeri Baker Turkey Tulipa sintenisii Baker Turkey Tulipa sylvestris L. (wild tulip) Eurasia from Portugal to XinjiangTulipa turkestanica (Regel) Regel Central Asia, XinjiangTulipa urumiensis Stapf (tarda tulip) Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran

Unplaced The horned tulip is often offered in the trade as "Tulipa acuminata", but is in fact a cultivar, unknown from the wild, and should be distributed under its correct cultivar name: Tulipa 'Cornuta'. Tulipa boettgeri Regel – Central Asia; accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , but regarded as unplaced by Christenhusz et al.

Species reclassified to other genera These species were classified as Tulipa but are now placed in other genera Tulipa anhuiensis X.S.Shen, now: Amana anhuiensis (X.S.Shen) Christenh. Tulipa breyniana L., now: Moraea collina Thunb. (Iridaceae). Tulipa edulis (Miq.) Baker, now: Amana edulis (Miq.) Honda. Tulipa erythronioides Baker, now: Amana erythronioides (Baker) D.Y.Tan & D.Y.Hong. Tulipa graminifolia Baker ex S.Moore, now: Amana edulis (Miq.) Honda. Tulipa latifolia (Makino) Makino, now: Amana erythronioides (Baker) D.Y.Tan & D.Y.Hong Tulipa ornithogaloides Fisch. ex Besser, now: Gagea triflora (Ledeb.) Schult. & Schult.f. Tulipa pudica (Pursh) Raf., now: Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. Tulipa sibthorpiana Sm., now: Fritillaria sibthorpiana (Sm.) Baker.

Etymology The word tulip, first mentioned in western Europe in or around 1554 and seemingly derived from the "Turkish Letters" of diplomat Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, first appeared in English as tulipa or tulipant, entering the language by way of and its obsolete form tulipan or by way of Modern Latin tulīpa, from Ottoman Turkish tülbend ("muslin" or "gauze"), and may be ultimately derived from the delband ("Turban"), this name being applied because of a perceived resemblance of the shape of a tulip flower to that of a turban. This may have been due to a translation error in early times, when it was fashionable in the Ottoman Empire to wear tulips on turbans. The translator possibly confused the flower for the turban.

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References

Bibliography

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Taxonomy of Tulipa

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