Meals on Wheels is a program that delivers meals to individuals at home who are unable to purchase or prepare their own meals. The name is often used generically to refer to home-delivered meals programs, not all of which are actually named "Meals on Wheels". Many of the housebound recipients are the elderly, and many of the volunteers are also elderly but able-bodied and able to drive automobiles.
Research shows that home-delivered meal programs significantly improve diet quality, reduce food insecurity and improve quality of life among the recipients. The programs also reduce government expenditure by reducing the need of recipients to use hospitals, nursing homes or other expensive community-based services.
History Meals on Wheels originated in the United Kingdom during the Second World War, when the Blitz destroyed many homes and rendered their residents unable to cook their own food. The Women's Volunteer Service for Civil Defence (WVS, later WRVS) provided food for these people. The name "Meals on Wheels" derived from the delivery method of bringing meals in prams, carts, bicycles with basket, cars and other wheeled vehicles. The concept of delivering meals to those unable to prepare their own evolved into the modern programmes that deliver mostly to the housebound elderly, sometimes free, or at a small charge.The History of Meals on Wheels in the U.S. , Meals On Wheels Association of America (MOWAA). Retrieved 10 October 2008.
United Kingdom (1943)
The first home delivery of a meal on wheels took place during World War II and was made by the WVS in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England in 1943. Many early services used old prams to transport the meals, using straw bales, and even old felt hats, to keep the meals warm in transit.History, UK Meals on Wheels. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
This type of service requires many volunteers with an adequate knowledge of basic cooking to prepare the meals by a set time each day. The majority of local authorities in the United Kingdom have now moved away from freshly cooked food delivery, and towards the supply of frozen pre-cooked reheatable meals."Modernisation of the Community Meals Service" , Walsall Council, UK. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
One of the pioneers of meals on wheels was said to be Harbans Lall Gulati, a general practitioner from Battersea, according to his obituary in the British Medical Journal. However, this is disputed, as there is little evidence.
Australia (1953) In Victoria, the City of South Melbourne Town Clerk, Harold Alexander, a former footballer, is attributed with starting the first Australian meals on wheels service in June 1953. Doris Irene Taylor founded Meals on Wheels in South Australia in 1953, and in 1954 the first meal was served from the Port Adelaide kitchen.Greg Crafter, Taylor, Doris Irene (1901 - 1968) , Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 16, Melbourne University Press, 2002, pp 364-365. In New South Wales, Meals on Wheels was started in March 1957 by the Sydney City Council. In the first week, 150 meals were served for inner-city dwellers; these were cooked in the Sydney Town Hall kitchen.Meals on Wheels: History and general information , NSW Meals on Wheels Association Inc. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
Organised on a regional basis, in Australia Meals on Wheels is a well established, active and thriving group of organisations. The history of a small sample of some of the organisations includes: New South Wales,Meals on Wheels Oral History , City of Sydney. Retrieved 10 October 2008. Queensland,History , Queensland Meals on Wheels. Retrieved 10 October 2008.History , Joomla Meals on Wheels, Retrieved 10 October 2008. South Australia,History , South Australian Meals on Wheels, Retrieved 10 October 2008.History , Port Lincoln Meals on Wheels. Retrieved 10 October 2008.Meals on Wheels , SA Memory, State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2008. Victoria,History , Victorian Meals on Wheels. Retrieved 10 October 2008. and Western Australia. In 2012, the Queensland branch of Meals on Wheels was a recipient of the Queensland Greats Awards. In 1989, the various state services merged into a national organisation, Meals on Wheels Australia.
Canada (1963) The Red Cross Meals on Wheels program began in 1963, after Brantford, Ontario, resident Elsie Matthews approached her local Red Cross with the idea. Elsie had witnessed a programme while travelling in England, where nutritious meals were delivered to seniors in their homes, and she believed a similar programme would be a great value to her community. In its first year, the programme had 12 clients per week who had meals delivered to them.
Brampton, Ontario, also began to deliver meals to seniors in need. In the spring of 1963, Ruby Cuthbert, a nurse, implemented the Meals on Wheels programme with the support of the local Soroptimist Club. Later, the Auxiliary group from Peel Memorial Hospital took over the responsibility and Brampton Meals on Wheels (BMOW) started with six meals a day.
In January 1966, women from the St. Matthias Church started the service in Westmount, Quebec, and the idea spread to other communities in Montreal.Callaghan, Eleanor. “‘Mobile Meals Help Many.’” The Montreal Star, 5 Oct. 1970. Each group had to find money to buy food and sufficient volunteers to prepare and deliver the meals. {citation needed} In 1970, Inez Webster established a Meals on Wheels program in Montreal West operating out of the United Church. The program relied on 100 to 150 volunteers a year to deliver hot meals twice a week to seniors living alone and on fixed incomes. Another program was established in Dorval-Lachine around the same time.
The True Davidson Meals on Wheels programme was established in East Toronto in 1973, named after the beloved local politician who was the first mayor of East York, Ontario. In May 2014, this programme merged with local agency Neighbourhood Link Support Services and continues to the present day.
Ireland (1971) The first meals were delivered in Longford, a small county town in the Midlands. They were delivered by County Longford Social Services, organised by Sister Calasanctius of the local Convent of Mercy and the local hospital's medical officer Dr Gerard McDonagh. The meals were distributed from a mobile kitchen for which funds had been raised by the local children. The fundraising had been organised by the Longford News (local newspaper) editor Derek Cobbe.
Some of the first meals were delivered by a volunteer driver, the late Pat Hourican, with volunteer helper the late Sr. Bonaventure. The mobile kitchens were built by a local businessman, Noel Hanlon, at his ambulance factory in the town. The vans had specially fitted gas cookers provided by the ambulance factory to keep the dinners warm. Meals were delivered then to some 400 people around Longford, mostly elderly or disabled, and were free of charge, supported by small grants and locally collected funds.
Modern programs Today, Meals on Wheels programs generally operate at the county level or smaller. Programs vary widely in their size, service provided, organization, and funding.
There are Meals on Wheels programs in Australia,Main Australian Meals on Wheels site , Retrieved 10 October 2008. Canada,Canadian Meals on Wheels and Senior Meal Programmes, Retrieved 10 October 2008.Meals on Wheels of Winnipeg , Retrieved 10 October 2008. Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The National Association of Care CateringThe U.K. National Association of Care Catering , Retrieved 10 October 2008. are a great source of information on UK Meals on Wheels services. The Meals On Wheels Association of America (MOWAA)The Meals On Wheels Association of America (MOWAA) , Retrieved 10 October 2008. is a national association for senior nutrition programmes headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, but each programme operates independently.
Most Meals on Wheels programs deliver meals hot and ready-to-eat, but some deliver cold meals in containers ready to microwave. Others supply deep-frozen meals. Some warm-meal programmes provide an additional frozen meal during the days prior to a weekend or holiday, when there would be no delivery. Depending on the programme, meals may be delivered by paid drivers or by volunteers. In addition to providing nutrition to sustain the health of a client, a meal delivery by a Meals on Wheels driver or volunteer also serves as a safety check and a source of companionship for the client.
Most clients of Meals on Wheels programmes are elderly, but others who are unable to shop or cook for themselves (as well as their pets) are generally eligible for assistance. In the United States, there is a MOW programme called "supplemental" for homebound clients under 60 years old. This requires a signed note from a doctor and there is a small fee of $2 per meal. Regardless of their sources of funding, eligibility for most programmes is determined by the client's ability to have access to good nutrition not financial need.
United Kingdom In the county of Suffolk, the programme is referred to as "Community Meals".Community Meals , Suffolk County Council, UK. "Meals on Wheels" services are provided for those who have been assessed to have difficulty cooking for themselves. Community Meals services can comprise daily hot meals, chilled meals or a weekly or fortnightly delivery of frozen meals. Traditional hot deliveries are cooked in a central kitchen then transported to the service user. The service in Suffolk is now run by Aspect Living Foundation, a not-for-profit charity trading as Meals on Wheels Suffolk, set up and registered in 2018 to take over "Meals on Wheels" from the Royal Voluntary Service, and set up specifically for this purpose.
Support to the elderly is also provided by the Royal Voluntary Service (formerly named Women's Royal Voluntary Service).
National Association of Care Catering Community Meals Week is a national event aiming to increase visibility of Community Meals Services.Community Meals on Wheels Week , National Association of Care Catering. In October 2008, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall assisted in Meals on Wheels Week activities.The Duchess delivers meals on wheels to an elderly Ballater resident , 6 October 2008, princeofwales.gov.uk
Increasingly in the United Kingdom, commercial rather than voluntary or local authorities organisations are providing the meals. For example, some Local Authorities have stopped providing hot meals and are instead delivering frozen pre-cooked meals.Ian Mason Meals on wheels changes hard to swallow , 18 July 2008, Richmond and Twickenham Times. richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk. Retrieved on 7 July 2009. Other variations include using Apetito, who operate a "Chefmobil""Chefmobil" , apetito.com service which regenerates meals en route,Meals On Wheels - Hot Provision , apetito.com and Apetito subsidiary Wiltshire Farm Foods, which operates a Meals on Wheels alternative service for those who do not meet assessment criteria.How Wiltshire Farm Foods differs from Meals on Wheels , wiltshirefarmfoods.com. In 2018, Meals On Wheels was completely withdrawn in the United Kingdom. Wiltshire Farms frozen meals and private hot meal schemes largely on a commercial basis do however remain.
Wolverhampton Council took a different approach: instead of closing the service, it has been expanded so anyone living in the city can order meals on wheels. People may opt to receive a meal one day a week, every day or for a fixed length of time e.g. after an operation. Alongside the hot meal a cold 'tea' consisting of a sandwich and fruit can be delivered.
October 2011 saw a Hairy Bikers series, Meals on Wheels, air on BBC Two. The series fronted a campaign with BBC Learning to save local 'meals on wheels' services around the United Kingdom.
Canada