List of German consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat

List of Consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa, and Eilat from German states. Prussia, the North German Confederacy and thereafter Germany maintained diplomatic missions in the Holy Land. The Jerusalem consulate was based on 57 Street of the Prophets at the corner with Wallenberg Street, Jerusalem. The Consulate also had affiliated vice-consulates in Jaffa and Haifa. The aim of the consulates was to represent the respective German states in the Holy Land or parts thereof. After Nazi Germany started the Second World War the consulates closed. In 1965 official diplomatic relations were established between the 1948 founded Israel and the 1949 founded West Germany. Since there is a German embassy in Tel Aviv, and later, as its affiliates, honorary consulates opened in Haifa and Eilat.

List of consuls in Jerusalem as of 1842 Prussian consuls Before being elevated to a consulate of its own in 1845, the Prussian diplomatic mission in Jerusalem was a vice-consulate affiliated to the Prussian consulate in Ottoman Beirut. Occasionally consuls were personally ranked as consul general.

1842–1845: as vice-consulZeëv W. Sadmon, Die Gründung des Technions in Haifa im Lichte deutscher Politik: 1907–1920, Munich et al.: Saur, 1994, (=Einzelveröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin; vol. 78), p. 22. Simultaneously: Trier, Univ., Diss. . 1845–1851: as consul of Jerusalem 1852–1867: Dr. Georg Rosen 1867–1869: Prof. Julius Petermann

North German consul In 1869 the Prussian consulate was taken over by the newly founded North German Confederacy. 1869–1871: (till 21 June 1871 for the North German Confederacy), personally ranked consul generalZeëv W. Sadmon, Die Gründung des Technions in Haifa im Lichte deutscher Politik: 1907–1920, Munich et al.: Saur, 1994, (=Einzelveröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin; vol. 78), p. 23. Simultaneously: Trier, Univ., Diss. .

German consuls and consuls general On 22 June 1871 the North German consulate was taken over by the newly founded Germany. In 1872 the consular ambit comprised the Ottoman districts of Akka, Balqa-Nablus and Jerusalem.Cf. Deutscher Reichs-Anzeiger und Königlich Preußischer Staats-Anzeiger, 1872, p. 596. Consuls were occasionally personally ranked as consul general, however, only in 1913 the Jerusalem consulate was elevated to consulate general.Roland Löffler, Protestanten in Palästina: Religionspolitik, sozialer Protestantismus und Mission in den deutschen evangelischen und anglikanischen Institutionen des Heiligen Landes 1917-1939, (=Konfession und Gesellschaft; vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, p. 127. After the British conquest of Jerusalem in 1917 and the German defeat in 1918 only in 1926 the consulate general reopened. 1871–1873: Georg Friedrich August von Alten (since 22 June 1871 for Germany), personally ranked consul general 1873–1874: Chancellor Otto Kersten, per pro 1874–1881: (1835–1909) 1881–1885: Dr. Julius Reitz 1886–1899: Dr. Paul Andreas von Tischendorf (1847–1914), as of 1898 personally ranked consul general 1899–1900: Dr. Friedrich Rosen 1901–1916: Edmund Schmidt (1855–1916), as consul general since 1914 1916–1917: Dr. Johann Wilhelm Heinrich Brode (1874-1936) as consul generalAugust Strobel, Deine Mauern stehen vor mir allezeit. Bauten und Denkmäler der deutschen Siedlungs- und Forschungsgeschichte im Heiligen Land, Gießen: Brunnen, 1998, (=Biblische Archäologie und Zeitgeschichte; vol. 7), p. 87. . 1917–1926: The Spanish consulate took care of the German citizens 1921–1926: Karl Kapp (1889-1947) as German vice-consul attached to the Spanish consulate, 1936-1941 consul in ClevelandReinhard Doerries, Hitler's Intelligence Chief: Walter Schellenberg, New York City: Enigma Books, 2009, footnote 286 on p. 138. 1926–1932: Dr. Erich August Karl Nord (1889-1935)Tobias Bringmann, Handbuch der Diplomatie 1815 - 1963: auswärtige Missionschefs in Deutschland und deutsche Missionschefs im Ausland von Metternich bis Adenauer, Munich et al.: Saur, 2001, p. 105. . as consul general 1933–1935: Arnold Blumberg, "Nazi Germany's Consuls in Jerusalem, 1933-1939" , in: Simon Wiesenthal Center annual, vol. 4 (1987), pp. 125—137, here p. 128. 1936–1939: (1884-1945), as consul general 1939–1945: The Swiss consulate took care of the German citizens

List of consuls in Jaffa as of 1872 Before the formal establishment of a vice-consulate affiliated with the Jerusalem consulate, there were consular agents, affiliated with the consulate in Beirut. In 1872, the mission in Jaffa was elevated to a vice-consulate, advancing again in 1914 to consulate, remaining throughout affiliated to the Jerusalem consulate (general; as of 1913). With the British conquest of Jaffa in 1917, the consulate closed. The London Gazette of 23 December 1932 circumscribes the consular ambit as follows: Tel Aviv, Jaffa and the coast south thereof incl. Ghazzah with the hinterland also comprising Lydda, Ramleh, Sarona, Tulkarm und Wilhelma.The London Gazette (23 December 1932), p. 8214.

1872–1897: Simeon Murad 1897–1901: Edmund Schmidt 1901–1905: Dr. Eugen Büge (1859–1936) 1905–1908: 1908–1910: vacancy? 1910–1916: Dr. Johann Wilhelm Heinrich Brode (1874-1936), till 1911 only per pro, as of 1911 as vice-consul, as of 1914 as consulN.N., Biographie Nr.: 29050, Name Brode, Heinrich , retrieved on 6 May 2017. 1916–1917: Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897-1918, New Brunswick (N.J.): Transaction, 1998, pp. 348seq. . 1917-1926: The German consulate in Jaffa remained closed 1926-1932: ? 1932-1939: Timotheus Wurst (1874-1961)

List of consuls in Haifa as of 1877 Originally a vice-consulate, the Haifa mission was affiliated to the Jerusalem consulate. After the Jerusalem mission had been elevated to consulate general in 1913, the Haifa mission became a consulate in 1914.Zeëv W. Sadmon, Die Gründung des Technions in Haifa im Lichte deutscher Politik: 1907–1920, Munich et al.: Saur, 1994, (=Einzelveröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin; vol. 78), p. 24. Simultaneously: Trier, Univ., Diss. . The London Gazette of 25 March 1938 circumscribes the Haifa consular ambit as follows: Haifa and her hinterland including Acre, Bosra, Jenin, Nazareth, Safed and Tiberias.The London Gazette (25 March 1938), p. 1. The Haifa consulate closed with the British conquest of Haifa on 23 September 1918 till 1926 and again in 1939. An honorary consulate-general was opened after 1989.

1877–1878: 1878–1908: (1838-1913) 1909: Theodor Georg WeberMalte Fuhrmann, Der Traum vom deutschen Orient: zwei deutsche Kolonien im Osmanischen Reich, Frankfurt/Main et al.: Campus, 2006, p. 360. ; partially simultaneously: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2004. 1909–1915: Ayşin Yoltar-Yıldırım, Julius Harry Löytved-Hardegg: A German consul in Konya in the early 20th century, paper presented at the International Conference on Turkish Art, Budapest, 7 September 2007, p. 9., Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit 1516-1918, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1975, p. 132. . 1915–1918: 1915–1917: vacancy 1917, 10 May to 10 August: , per pro 10 August 1917 to 2 April 1918: Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, per pro 1918, 2 April to 20 June: Dr. Kurt Max Paul Ziemke 1918–1926: no German mission in Haifa 1926–1937: ? 1937–1939: Ulricke Becker, "Post-war Antisemitism: Germany’s Foreign Policy Toward Egypt", in: Global Antisemitism: A Crisis of Modernity, Charles Asher Small (ed.), Leiden: Brill, 2013, pp. 283-290, here p. 286. . 1939–1989: no German mission in Haifa 1989 to present: Michael Pappe, honorary consul general

List of consuls in Eilat An honorary consulate was opened after 1965. 2005 to present: Barbara Pfeffer

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