List of Vietnamese dynasties

Prior to the abdication of Bảo Đại on 25 August 1945 during the August Revolution, Vietnam was ruled by a series of dynasties of either local or Chinese origin. The following is a list of major dynasties in the history of Vietnam.

Background

Naming convention In Vietnamese historiography, dynasties are generally known to historians by the family name of the monarchs. For example, the Đinh dynasty (; ) is known as such because the ruling clan bore the family name ().

Similar to Chinese dynasties, Vietnamese dynasties would adopt a (; "name of the state") upon the establishment of the realm. However, as it was common for several dynasties to share the same official name, referring to regimes by their official name in historiography would be potentially confusing. For instance, the "" () was used by the Lý dynasty (since the reign of Lý Thánh Tông), the Trần dynasty, the Later Trần dynasty, the Later Lê dynasty, the Mạc dynasty, and the Tây Sơn dynasty.

In the Vietnamese language, the word for "dynasty" may be written as either () or () depending on the context. The former is generally used to denote the ruling family whereas the latter refers to the dynastic regime. For instance, the Mạc dynasty can be rendered as "" () or "" ().

Origin of dynasties Apart from over one millennium of direct Chinese rule, Vietnam was ruled by a series of "local" dynasties, although some of which could have their origins traced to China.

The founder of the legendary Hồng Bàng dynasty, Lộc Tục, was recorded as a descendant of the mythical Chinese ruler Shennong.

According to two historical Vietnamese texts, the Complete Annals of Đại Việt and the Imperially-commissioned Annotated Text Reflecting the Complete History of Việt, Thục Phán of the Thục dynasty was from Sichuan, China, which was previously under the rule of the ancient Chinese State of Shu.Taylor (1983), p. 19Asian Perspectives, Volume 28, Issue 1 (1990), p. 36

The Triệu dynasty, established by Zhao Tuo from the Chinese Qin dynasty, was considered an orthodox local regime by traditional Vietnamese historiography. However, modern Vietnamese historians generally regard the Triệu dynasty to be a foreign regime that ruled Vietnam.Yoshikai Masato, "Ancient Nam Viet in historical descriptions", Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 934.

The founder of the Early Lý dynasty, Lý Bôn, was descended from Chinese refugees who fled Wang Mang's seizure of power in the final years of the Western Han in China.Taylor (1983), p. 135Walker (2012), p. 134 Catino (2010), p. 142 Kohn (2006), p. 308 Coedès (1966), pp. 45–46 Lockhart (2010), p. 221 West (2009), p. 870

The first emperor of the Lý dynasty, Lý Công Uẩn, could have his paternal bloodline traced to modern-day Fujian, China. 千年前泉州人李公蕴越南当皇帝越南史上重要人物之一两安海人曾是安南皇帝有关专家考证李公蕴、陈日煚籍属晋江安海 Lý Công Uẩn's father, Lý Thuần An, escaped to Quanzhou from Hebei after Lý Công Uẩn's grandfather, Li Song, was wrongly accused of treason and executed by the Emperor Yin of Later Han. Origin of Lý Thái Tổ

The origin of the Trần dynasty was traced to modern Fujian, where the ancestor of the Trần imperial clan, Trần Kính, migrated from in the 11th century CE. The Later Trần dynasty was ruled by the same imperial clan as the earlier Trần dynasty.

The Hồ dynasty was ruled by the Hồ family which migrated from present-day Zhejiang, China to Vietnam under the leadership of Hồ Hưng Dật during the 10th century CE. The Hồ dynasty claimed descent from the Duke Hu of Chen, the founder of the ancient Chinese State of Chen. The Duke Hu of Chen was in turn descended from the legendary Emperor Shun, who was recognized by Hồ Quý Ly as the progenitor of the Hồ imperial family. Accordingly, the Hồ dynasty adopted the official "" (; "Great Ngu"); "Ngu" () was derived from the Emperor Shun's lineage name, Youyu (). Rulers of the Tây Sơn dynasty, initially surnamed , were descended from the same line as the Hồ dynasty.

Familial relations among dynasties Several Vietnamese dynasties were related:

Dương Vân Nga was originally an empress consort of Đinh Tiên Hoàng, the founder of the Đinh dynasty; she later became an empress consort of Lê Hoàn, the founder of the Early Lê dynasty Lê Thị Phất Ngân, the empress consort of Lý Thái Tổ, the founder of the Lý dynasty, was the daughter of Lê Hoàn and thus originally a princess of the Early Lê dynasty The final monarch of the Lý dynasty, Lý Chiêu Hoàng, was the spouse of Trần Thái Tông, the founder of the Trần dynasty. Later on, he would marry her elder sister, Princess Lý Oánh, the biological mother of Trần Thánh Tông. Hồ Quý Ly, the founder of the Hồ dynasty, was the maternal grandfather of Trần An, the last emperor of the Trần dynasty Giản Định Đế, the founder of the Later Trần dynasty, was a son of the ninth Trần monarch, Trần Nghệ Tông; he was also an older brother of the 12th emperor of the Trần dynasty, Trần Thuận Tông The Primitive Lê dynasty and the Revival Lê dynasty are collectively called the Later Lê dynasty; the founder of the Revival Lê dynasty, Lê Trang Tông, was a son of Lê Chiêu Tông, the 11th Primitive Lê emperor The ruling house of the Tây Sơn dynasty was descended from the same paternal ancestor as the Hồ dynasty Gia Long Đế, the founder of the Nguyễn dynasty, was a paternal grandson of Nguyễn Phúc Khoát, the eighth Nguyễn lord

Champa

Champa (; ) existed as an independent polity until its annexation by the Nguyễn dynasty in 1832 CE, thereby laying the foundation for the territories of the modern Vietnamese state. Most of the rulers of Champa were of Cham descent, an Austronesian ethnic group distinct from the majority Kinh ethnicity of Vietnam.

There were 15 dynasties in the history of Champa. According to Chinese historical sources, Champa officially used the "" () from the 1st to 4th dynasties, "" () during the 5th dynasty, and "" () from the 6th to 15th dynasties.

List of dynasties in Vietnamese history This list includes the various dynasties in the history of Vietnam, of both local and Chinese origins. Dynasties of China that ruled Vietnam are highlighted in orange. The Triệu dynasty is highlighted in light orange due to its disputed status.

DynastyPeriod of ruleStatusRulersHistoriographical nameOfficial nameFromToTermSurnameFirst to ruleLast to ruleList2879 BCE258 BCE2621 yearsRoyalKinh Dương VươngHùng Duệ Vương(list) / / 257 BCE207 BCE50 yearsKhai MinhAn Dương Vương(list) / / 204 BCE111 BCE93 yearsRoyalImperialZhaoWu of NanyueZhao Jiande(list)No independent Vietnamese dynastic title111 BCE9 CE120 yearsImperialLiuWu of HanLiu Ying(list) / / 9 CE23 CE14 yearsWangWang Mang(list)25 CE220 CE192 yearsLiuGuangwu of HanXian of Han(list)229 CE280 CE45 yearsSunDa of Eastern WuSun Hao(list)266 CE316 CE41 yearsSimaWu of JinMin of Jin(list)317 CE420 CE103 yearsSimaYuan of JinGong of Jin(list)420 CE479 CE59 yearsLiuWu of Liu SongShun of Liu Song(list)479 CE502 CE23 yearsXiaoGao of Southern QiHe of Southern Qi(list) / / 502 CE544 CE42 yearsXiaoWu of Liang(list) / / 544 CE602 CE58 yearsImperialLýLý BônLý Phật Tử(list) / / No independent Vietnamese dynastic title602 CE618 CE16 yearsImperialYangWen of SuiYang of Sui(list) / / 621 CE907 CE271 yearsLiGaozu of TangAi of Tang(list)690 CE705 CE15 yearsWuShengshen of Wu Zhou(list)930 CE938 CE8 yearsLiuGaozu of Southern Han(list) / / 939 CE965 CE26 yearsRoyalNgôNgô QuyềnNam Tấn VươngThiên Sách Vương(list) / / 968 CE980 CE12 yearsImperialĐinhĐinh Bộ LĩnhĐinh Toàn(list) / / 980 CE1009 CE29 yearsLêLê HoànLê Long Đĩnh(list) / / 1009 CE1225 CE216 yearsLýLý Thái TổLý Chiêu Hoàng(list) / / 1225 CE1400 CE175 yearsTrầnTrần Thái TôngTrần An(list) / / 1400 CE1407 CE7 yearsHồHồ Quý LyHồ Hán Thương(list) / / No independent Vietnamese dynastic title1407 CE1427 CE20 yearsImperialZhuYongleXuande(list) / / 1407 CE1413 CE6 yearsImperialTrầnGiản Định ĐếTrùng Quang Đế(list) / / 1428 CE1527 CE99 yearsLêLê Thái TổLê Cung Hoàng(list) / / 1527 CE1677 CE150 yearsMạcMạc Thái TổMạc Kính Vũ(list) / / 1533 CE1789 CE256 yearsLêLê Trang TôngLê Mẫn Đế(list) / / 1778 CE1802 CE24 yearsNguyễnThái Đức ĐếCảnh Thịnh Đế(list) / / 1802 CE1945 CE143 yearsNguyễn PhúcGia Long ĐếBảo Đại Đế(list)

Timeline of dynasties in Vietnamese history

Legend: denotes local Vietnamese dynasties denotes dynasties during the First Era of Northern Domination denotes dynasties during the Second Era of Northern Domination denotes dynasties during the Third Era of Northern Domination denotes dynasty during the Fourth Era of Northern Domination

List of Vietnamese dynasties

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