List of plant hybrids

This is a list of plant hybrids created intentionally or by chance and exploited commercially in agriculture or horticulture. The hybridization event mechanism is documented where known, along with the authorities who described it.

Hybrids Species Common name Family Hybridization Confirmed or putative hybridization? Putative parental/ introgressive species Polyploid or homoploid? Polyploid chromosome count References Notes Abelmoschus esculentus Okra Malvaceae Allopolyploid origin Putative Uncertain Polyploid (tetraploid) usually 2n=4x=130 Joshi and Hardas, 1956; Schafleitner et al., 2013 Variable ploidy Agave fourcroydes Henequen Asparagaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Uncertain Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, triploid) 2n=5x(3x)=150(90) Robert et al., 2008; Hughes et al., 2007 Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent Agave sisalana Sisal Asparagaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Uncertain Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, hexaploid) 2n=5x(6x)=150(180) Robert et al., 2008 Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent Allium ampeloprasum Great headed garlic Amaryllidaceae Intraspecific hybrid origin Putative Allium ampeloprasum Homoploid – Guenaoui et al., 2013 Allium cepa Common onion Amaryllidaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Putative Uncertain: Allium vavilovii, A. galanthum or A. fistulosum Homoploid – Gurushidze et al., 2007 Allium cornutum Triploid onion Amaryllidaceae Triparental allopolyploid origin Confirmed Allium cepa, A. roylei, other Allium species Polyploid (triploid) 2n=3x=24 Fredotovic et al., 2014 Ananas comosus Pineapple Bromeliaceae Interspecific introgression Putative Ananas ananassoides Homoploid – Duval et al., 2003 Annona × atemoya Atemoya Annonaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Annona cherimola and A. squamosa ? – Perfectti et al., 2004; Jalikop, 2010 Arachis hypogaea Peanut Fabaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Arachis duranensis and A. ipaënsis Polypoid (tetraploid) 2n=4x=40 Kochert et al., 1996; Bertioli et al., 2011 Armoracia rusticana Horseradish Brassicaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Putative Uncertain ? – Courter and Rhodes, 1969 Artocarpus altilis Breadfruit Moraceae Interspecific introgression Putative Artocarpus mariannensis ? – Zerega et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2013 Avena sativa Oat Poaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Uncertain Polyploid (hexaploid) 2n=6x=42 Linares et al., 1998; Oliver et al., 2013 Brassica carinata Ethiopian mustard Brassicaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Brassica oleracea and B. nigra Polyploid (tetraploid) 2n=4x=19 Arias et al., 2014 Brassica juncea Indian mustard Brassicaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Brassica nigra and B. rapa Polyploid (tetraploid) 2n=4x=18 Arias et al., 2014 Brassica napus Rapeseed, rutabega Brassicaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Brassica rapa and B. oleracea Polyploid (tetraploid) 2n=4x=19 Arias et al., 2014 Cajanus cajan Pigeon pea Fabaceae Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression Putative Wild Cajanus cajan and other Cajanus species Homoploid – Kassa et al., 2012 Cannabis sativa Hemp Cannabaceae Intraspecific introgression Putative Cannabis sativa 'Indica' and 'Sativa' types Homoploid – de Meijer and van Soest, 1992 Carica pentagona Babaco Caricaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Uncertain (Carica stipulata, Vasconcellea pubescens, V. weberbaueri ? – Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2002; Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2006 Carya illinoinensis Pecan Juglandaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Putative Uncertain ? – Grauke et al., 2011 Castanea dentata American Chestnut Fagaceae Interspecific introgression Confirmed Castanea pumila Homoploid – Li and Dane, 2013 Also ongoing efforts to introgress blight resistance from Castanea mollissima (see Jacobs et al., 2013) Castanea sativa Chestnut Fagaceae Intraspecific introgression Confirmed Castanea sativa Eurosiberian and Mediterranean populations Homoploid – Villani et al., 1999; Mattioni et al., 2013 Chenopodium quinoa Quinoa Chenopodiaceae Allopolyploid origin Putative Uncertain Polyploid (tetraploid) – Heiser, 1974; Ward, 2000; Maughan et al., 2004 Cicer arietinum Chickpea (pea-shaped) Fabaceae Intraspecific hybrid origin Putative Cicer arietinum Desi and Kabuli germplasm ? – Upadhyaya et al., 2008; Keneni et al., 2011 Cichorium intybus Radicchio Asteraceae Interspecific introgression Confirmed Wild Cichorium intybus Homoploid – Kiaer et al., 2009 Citrus aurantiifolia Key lime Rutaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Citrus medica and Citrus subg. Papeda ? – Ollitrault and Navarro, 2012; Penjor et al., 2014; Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001 Citrus aurantium Sour oranges Rutaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Citrus maxima and C. reticulata ? – Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001 Citrus clementina Clementine Rutaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Citrus sinensis and C. reticulata ? – Wu et al., 2014 Citrus limon Lemon, lime Rutaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Citrus medica, C. × aurantiifolia, and other Citrus species ? – Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001 Citrus paradisi Grapefruit Rutaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Citrus sinensis and C. maxima ? – Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001 Citrus reticulata Mandarin Rutaceae Interspecific introgression Confirmed Citrus maxima ? – Wu et al., 2014 Citrus sinensis Sweet orange (blood, common) Rutaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Uncertain ? – Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001 Cocos nucifera Coconut Arecaceae Intraspecific introgression Confirmed Cocos nucifera Indo-Atlantic and Pacific lineages Homoploid – Gunn et al., 2011 Coffea arabica Coffee Rubiaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Coffea eugenioides and C. canephora Polyploid (tetraploid) 2n=4x=44 Lashermes et al., 1999 Corylus avellana Hazelnut Betulaceae Intraspecific introgression Confirmed Wild Corylus avellana in southern Europe Homoploid – Campa et al., 2011; Boccacci et al., 2013 Cucurbita pepo Winter squash, pumpkin Cucurbitaceae Intraspecific introgression Putative Cucurbita pepo var. texana Homploid – Kirkpatrick and Wilson, 1988 Daucus carota subsp. sativus Carrot Apiaceae Intraspecific introgression Confirmed Daucus carota subsp. carota Homoploid – Iorizzo et al., 2013; Simon, 2000 Dioscorea species Yam Dioscoreaceae Interspecific hybrid origin, introgression Putative Uncertain Variable – Terauchi et al., 1992; Dansi et al., 1999; Bhattacharjee et al., 2011; Mignouna et al., 2002 Multiple species of putative hybrid (perhaps allopolyploid) origin including Dioscorea cayennensis subsp. rotundata and D. cayennensis Diospyros kaki Persimmon Ebenaceae Allopolyploid origin Putative Uncertain Polyploid (hexaploid) Yonemori et al., 2008 Ficus carica Fig Moraceae Interspecific introgression Putative Uncertain ? Aradhya et al., 2010 Fragaria ananassa Strawberry Rosaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Fragaria virginiana (octoploid), F. chiloensis (octoploid) Homoploid relative to parentals (octoploid) 2n=8x=56 Evans, 1977; Hirakawa et al., 2014 Uncertain which species formed the octoploid progenitors Garcinia mangostana Mangosteen Clusiaceae Allopolyploid origin Putative Garcinia celebica and G. malaccensis Polyploid (tetraploid) ? Richards, 1990 Recent work shows this may not be of hybrid origin (Nazre, 2014) Gossypium hirsutum Upland cotton Malvaceae hybrid origin Confirmed Uncertain, referred to as 'A' and 'D' Polyploid (formed <1MYA) 2n =4x=52 Wendel and Cronn 2003 Polyploidization likely led to agronomically significant traits (Applequist et al., 2001) Hibiscus sabdariffa Roselle Malvaceae Allopolyploid origin Putative Uncertain Polyploid (tetraploid) 2n=4x=72 Menzel and Wilson, 1966; Satya et al., 2013 Hordeum vulgare Barley Poaceae Introgression Confirmed Hordeum spontaneum Homoploid Badr et al., 2000; Dai et al., 2012 Humulus lupulus Hops Cannabaceae Intraspecific introgression Confirmed Humulus lupulus North American and European germplasm Homoploid Reeves and Richards, 2011; Stajner et al., 2008; Seefelder et al., 2000 Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato Convolvulaceae Intraspecific introgression; Interspecific introgression? Putative Ipomoea batatas Central American and South American germplasm Homoploid relative to parentals Roullier et al., 2013 Juglans regia Walnut Juglandaceae Interspecific hybridization Confirmed Juglans sigillata Homoploid Gunn et al., 2010 Lactuca sativa Lettuce Asteraceae Intraspecific hybrid origin Putative Lactuca serriola and other Lactuca species Homoploid de Vries, 1997 Lagenaria siceraria Bottle Gourd Cucurbitaceae Intraspecific introgression Confirmed Lagenaria siceraria African/American and Asian germplasm Homoploid Clarke et al., 2006 Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris Lentil Fabaceae Intraspecific introgression Putative Wild lentil, Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis Homoploid Erskine et al., 2011 Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia Proteaceae Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression Confirmed Macadamia tetraphylla and other Macadamia species Homoploid Hardner et al., 2009; Steiger et al., 2003; Aradhya et al., 1998 Malus domestica Apple Rosaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Malus sieversii, M. sylvestris, and possibly other Malus species Homoploid Cornille et al., 2012 Mentha piperita Peppermint Lamiaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Mentha aquatica and M. spicata Polyploid (12-ploid) 2n=12x=66 or 72 Harley and Brighton, 1977; Gobert et al., 2002 Musa paradisiaca Banana Musaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana Polyploid (usually triploid) 2n=3x=33 Simmonds and Shepherd, 1955; Heslop-Harrison and Schwarzacher, 2007; De Langhe et al., 2010 Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco Solanaceae Allopolyploid origin Confirmed Uncertain (Nicotiana sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis) Polyploid (tetraploid) 2n=4x=48 Kenton et al., 1993; Murad et al., 2002 Olea europaea Olive Oleaceae Intraspecific introgression Putative Wild Olea europaea, western and eastern germplasm Homoploid Kaniewski et al., 2012; Besnard et al., 2013; Breton et al., 2006; Rubio de Casas et al., 2006; Besnard et al., 2007; Besnard et al., 2000 Opuntia species Opuntia Cactaceae Interspecific hybrid origin, Allopolyploid origin Putative Including Opuntia ficus-indica Polyploid, homoploid Hughes et al., 2007; Griffith, 2004 Oryza sativa Rice Poaceae Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression Putative Oryza sativa 'Japonica' and 'Indica' germplasm, Oryza rufipogon Homoploid Caicedo et al., 2007; Gao and Innan, 2008 Oxalis tuberosa Oca Oxalidaceae Allopolyploid origin Putative Uncertain Polyploid (octaploid) 2n=8x=64 Emswhiller and Doyle, 2002; Emshwiller 2002; Emswhiller et al., 2009 Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet Poaceae Intraspecific introgression Confirmed Wild Pennisetum glaucum Homoploid Oumar et al., 2008 Persea americana Avocado (Hass and other cultivars) Lauraceae Intraspecific introgression Confirmed Persea americana 'Guatamalensis', 'Drymifolia', and 'Americana' Homoploid Chen et al., 2008; Davis et al., 1998; Ashworth and Clegg, 2003; Douhan et al., 2011 Phoenix dactylifera Date palm Arecaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Putative Uncertain Homoploid El Hadrami et al., 2011; Bennaceur et al., 1991 Piper methysticum Kava Piperaceae Allopolyploid origin Putative Piper wichmannii and P. gibbiflorum Polyploid (decaploid) 2n=10x=130 Singh, 2004; Lebot et al., 1991 Pistacia vera Pistachio Anacardiaceae Interspecific introgression Putative Pistacia atlantica, P. chinensis subsp. integerrima Homoploid Kafkas et al., 2001 Pisum abyssinicum Abyssinian Pea Fabaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Uncertain (Pisum fulvum and other Pisum species) Homoploid Vershinin et al., 2003 Pisum sativum Pea Fabaceae Interspecific hybrid origin Confirmed Uncertain (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius and other Pisum species) Homoploid Vershinin et al., 2003 Plinia cauliflora Jaboticaba Myrtaceae Intraspecific hybridization, interspecific hybridization Putative Plinia 'Jaboticaba' and 'Cauliflora' germplasm; P. peruviana Homoploid Ba